Category: Nevin Manimala

J Exp Psychol Gen. 2022 Nov 28. doi: 10.1037/xge0001330. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

People infer that individuals are socially related if they have overlapping preferences, beliefs, and choices. Here we examined whether people also infer relationships by attending to social network information. In five preregistered experiments, participants were shown the social networks of two target people and their friends or acquaintances within a group, and judged if the targets were socially related to one another. In the first three experiments, adults (total N = 528) were more likely to judge that individuals were friends when a high rather than low proportion of their friendships were mutual. Adults also considered other factors when inferring friendships, such as the number of friends each individual had. In the final two experiments, 5-7-year-olds (total N = 135) were also sensitive to the proportion of mutual relationships. Together, our work suggests that people use proportional information and statistical inferences when assessing whether individuals are socially related. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36442033 | DOI:10.1037/xge0001330

Psychol Addict Behav. 2022 Nov 28. doi: 10.1037/adb0000889. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Howard Rachlin wrote extensively on how value diminishes in a hyperbolic form, and he contributed to understanding choice processes between different commodities as a molar pattern of behavior. The field of behavioral economic demand has been dominated by exponential decay functions, indicating that decreases in consumption of a commodity are best fit by exponential functions. Because of the success of Rachlin’s equation at describing how hyperbolic decay affects the value of a commodity across various factors (e.g., delay, probability, social distance), we attempted to extend his equation to behavioral economic demand data for alcohol and opioids.

METHOD: Rachlin’s discounting equation was applied to estimate consumption on alcohol purchase task data and nonhuman drug demand data. We compared results of his equation to the exponentiated demand equation using both a mixed-effects modeling approach and a two-stage approach.

RESULTS: Rachlin’s equation provided better fits to consumption data than the exponentiated equation for both mixed-effects and two-stage modeling. We also found that traditional demand metrics, such as P_max, can be derived analytically when using Rachlin’s equation. Certain metrics derived from Rachlin’s equation appeared to be related to clinical covariates in ways similar to the exponentiated equation.

CONCLUSIONS: Rachlin’s equation better described demand data than did the exponentiated equation, indicating that demand for a commodity may decrease hyperbolically rather than exponentially. Other benefits of his equation are that it does not have the same pitfalls as the current exponential equations and is relatively straightforward in its conceptualization when applied to demand data. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36442017 | DOI:10.1037/adb0000889

J Pers Soc Psychol. 2022 Dec;123(6):1406. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000332.

ABSTRACT

Reports an error in “Disentangling stereotype activation and stereotype application in the stereotype misperception task” by Regina Krieglmeyer and Jeffrey W. Sherman (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012[Aug], Vol 103[2], 205-224). In the article (https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028764), there was an error in the data analysis of Experiment 4. The mean proportions of “more threatening” responses in trials with White and Neutral primes in the aggregated data file were not correct. Correction of the error leads to deviations in the descriptive, inferential and modeling statistics (including changes in Figure 6), but does not substantively alter the primary conclusions drawn from the data. The raw data is freely available at osf.io/cp9ga/. The online version of this article has been corrected (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2012-14232-001.) When forming impressions about other people, stereotypes about the individual’s social group often influence the resulting impression. At least 2 distinguishable processes underlie stereotypic impression formation: stereotype activation and stereotype application. Most previous research has used implicit measures to assess stereotype activation and explicit measures to assess stereotype application, which has several disadvantages. The authors propose a measure of stereotypic impression formation, the stereotype misperception task (SMT), together with a multinomial model that quantitatively disentangles the contributions of stereotype activation and application to responses in the SMT. The validity of the SMT and of the multinomial model was confirmed in 5 studies. The authors hope to advance research on stereotyping by providing a measurement tool that separates multiple processes underlying impression formation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36442013 | DOI:10.1037/pspa0000332

J Fam Psychol. 2022 Nov 28. doi: 10.1037/fam0001049. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

We conducted an evaluation of a court-initiated randomized controlled trial comparing outcomes for parents assigned to either a no-program control group or one of two online parenting programs-Two Families Now (TFN) or Children in Between (CIB)-among 221 parents in initial divorce or separation court cases. We gathered parent report measures of family functioning at study entry, completion of program, and 1-year following study entry. We also gathered and coded court records to capture the content of the document resolving issues and occurrence of relitigation in the following year. All findings became statistically nonsignificant when a Bonferroni correction was employed. Before correction, however, a few statistically significant differences between groups emerged. Immediately following program completion, there were no study condition differences on measures of parental beliefs and intentions regarding parenting. One year following study entry, three statistically significant differences between program and no-program conditions emerged. Those assigned to a program reported significantly less intimate partner abuse and had less relitigation in court than those in the no-program condition, both with small effect sizes. Contrary to hypotheses, parents assigned to a program reported less social support than parents in the no-program condition. Overall, the findings do not provide strong support for the two investigated brief online parenting programs, demonstrating the need for continued rigorous evaluation of online parenting programs for divorcing and separating parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36441999 | DOI:10.1037/fam0001049

Allergy. 2022 Dec;77(12):3699-3701. doi: 10.1111/all.15394.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:36441593 | DOI:10.1111/all.15394

JMIR Res Protoc. 2022 Nov 28;11(11):e38434. doi: 10.2196/38434.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Exergames can provide encouraging exercise options. Currently, there is limited evidence regarding home-based exergaming in the postoperative phase of total knee replacement (TKR).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-month postoperative home-based exergame intervention with an 8-month follow-up on physical function and symptoms among older persons undergoing TKR compared with home exercise using a standard protocol. In addition, a concurrent embedded design of a mixed methods study was used by including a qualitative component within a quantitative study of exergame effects.

METHODS: This was a dual-center, nonblinded, two-arm, parallel group randomized controlled trial with an embedded qualitative approach. This study aimed to recruit 100 patients who underwent their first unilateral TKR (aged 60-75 years). Participants were randomized to the exergame or standard home exercise arms. Participants followed a custom-made exergame program independently at their homes daily for 4 months. The primary outcomes at 4 months were function and pain related to the knee using the Oxford Knee Score questionnaire and mobility using the Timed Up and Go test. Other outcomes, in addition to physical function, symptoms, and disability, were game user experience, exercise adherence, physical activity, and satisfaction with the operated knee. Assessments were performed at the preoperative baseline and at 2, 4, and 12 months postoperatively. Exergame adherence was followed from game computers and using a structured diary. Self-reported standard exercise was followed for 4 months of intervention and physical activity was followed for 12 months using a structured diary. Qualitative data on patients’ perspectives on rehabilitation and exergames were collected through laddering interviews at 4 and 12 months.

RESULTS: This study was funded in 2018. Data collection began in 2019 and was completed in January 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unavoidable situation in the study for recruitment, data collection, and statistical analysis. As of November 2020, a total of 52 participants had been enrolled in the study. Primary results are expected to be published by the end of 2022.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides new knowledge on the effects of postoperative exergame intervention among older patients with TKR. In addition, this study provides a new understanding of gamified postoperative rehabilitation, home exercise adherence, physical function, and physical activity among older adults undergoing TKR.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03717727; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03717727.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR1-10.2196/38434.

PMID:36441574 | DOI:10.2196/38434

Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2022 Nov 28:e010915. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.122.010915. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Pharmacologic termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) often requires medically supervised intervention. Intranasal etripamil, is an investigational fast-acting, nondihydropyridine, L-type calcium channel blocker, designed for unsupervised self-administration to terminate atrioventricular nodal-dependent PSVT. Phase 2 results showed potential safety and efficacy of etripamil in 104 patients with PSVT.

METHODS: NODE-301, a phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of etripamil nasal spray administered, unsupervised in patients with symptomatic sustained PSVT. After a medically supervised etripamil test dose while in sinus rhythm, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive etripamil 70 mg or placebo. When PSVT symptoms developed, patients applied a cardiac monitor and attempted a vagal maneuver; if symptoms persisted, they self-administered blinded treatment. An independent Adjudication Committee reviewed continuous electrocardiogram recordings. The primary efficacy endpoint was termination of adjudicated PSVT within 5 hours after study drug administration.

RESULTS: NODE-301 accrued 156 positively adjudicated PSVT events treated with etripamil (n=107) or placebo (n=49). The hazard ratio for the primary endpoint, time-to-conversion to sinus rhythm during the 5-hour observation period, was 1.086 (95% CI, 0.726-1.623; P=0.12). In predefined sensitivity analyses, etripamil effects (compared with placebo) occurred at 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes (P<0.05). For example, at 30 minutes, there was a 53.7% of SVT conversion in the treatment arm compared to 34.7% in the placebo arm (hazard ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.09-3.22]; P=0.02). Etripamil was well tolerated; adverse events were mainly related to transient nasal discomfort and congestion (19.6% and 8.0%, respectively, of randomized treatment-emergent adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the primary 5-hour efficacy endpoint was not met, analyses at earlier time points indicated an etripamil treatment effect in terminating PSVT. Etripamil self-administration during PSVT was safe and well tolerated. These results support continued clinical development of etripamil nasal spray for self-administration during PSVT in a medically unsupervised setting.

REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.

CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03464019.

PMID:36441560 | DOI:10.1161/CIRCEP.122.010915

JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Nov 1;5(11):e2243848. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43848.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Persistent pain is a common and disabling health problem that is often difficult to treat. There is an increasing interest in medicinal cannabis for treatment of persistent pain; however, the limited superiority of cannabinoids over placebo in clinical trials suggests that positive expectations may contribute to the improvements.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the size of placebo responses in randomized clinical trials in which cannabinoids were compared with placebo in the treatment of pain and to correlate these responses to objective estimates of media attention.

DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was conducted within the MEDLINE and Embase databases. Studies published until September 2021 were considered.

STUDY SELECTION: Cannabinoid studies with a double-blind, placebo-controlled design with participants 18 years or older with clinical pain of any duration were included. Studies were excluded if they treated individuals with HIV/AIDS or severe skin disorders.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. Data were extracted by independent reviewers. Quality assessment was performed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. Attention and dissemination metrics for each trial were extracted from Altmetric and Crossref. Data were pooled and analyzed using a random-effects statistical model.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Change in pain intensity from before to after treatment, measured as bias-corrected standardized mean difference (Hedges g).

RESULTS: Twenty studies, including 1459 individuals (mean [SD] age, 51 [7] years; age range, 33-62 years; 815 female [56%]), were included. Pain intensity was associated with a significant reduction in response to placebo, with a moderate to large effect size (mean [SE] Hedges g, 0.64 [0.13]; P < .001). Trials with low risk of bias had greater placebo responses (q1 = 5.47; I2 = 87.08; P = .02). The amount of media attention and dissemination linked to each trial was proportionally high, with a strong positive bias, but was not associated with the clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Placebo contributes significantly to pain reduction seen in cannabinoid clinical trials. The positive media attention and wide dissemination may uphold high expectations and shape placebo responses in future trials, which has the potential to affect the outcome of clinical trials, regulatory decisions, clinical practice, and ultimately patient access to cannabinoids for pain relief.

PMID:36441553 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43848

JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Nov 1;5(11):e2243883. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43883.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Gathering data on socioeconomic status (SES) is a prerequisite for health programs that aim to improve equity. There is a lack of evidence on which approaches offer the best combination of reliability, cost, and acceptability.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of different approaches to gathering data on SES in community health programs.

DATA SOURCES: A search of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and OpenGrey from 1999 to June 29, 2021, was conducted, with no language limits. Google Scholar was also searched and the reference lists of included articles were checked to identify further studies. The search was performed on June 29, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION: Any empirical study design was eligible if it compared 2 or more modalities to elicit SES data from the following 3 categories: in-person, voice call, or automated telephone-based systems.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles and extracted data. They also assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane tools and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Findings were synthesized thematically without meta-analysis.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Response rate, equivalence, time, costs, and acceptability to patients and health care professionals.

RESULTS: The searches returned 3943 records. The 11 included studies reported data on 14 036 individuals from 7 countries, collecting data on 11 socioeconomic domains using 2 or more of the following modes: in-person surveys, computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATIs), and 2 types of automated data collection: interactive voice response calls (IVRs) and web surveys. Response rates were greater than 80% for all modes except IVRs. Equivalence was high across all modes (Cohen κ > 0.5). There were insufficient data to make robust time and cost comparisons. Patients reported high levels of acceptability providing data via IVRs, web surveys, and CATIs.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Selecting an appropriate and cost-effective modality to elicit SES data is an important first step toward advancing equitable effective service coverage. This systematic review did not identify evidence that remote and automated data collection modes differed from human-led and in-person approaches in terms of reliability, cost, or acceptability.

PMID:36441550 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43883

J Exp Anal Behav. 2022 Nov 28. doi: 10.1002/jeab.810. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

A recent social discounting study showed that individuals share personal information in a similar way to money, suggesting that personal information has quantifiable properties for individuals. This is important because many online scams, such as phishing, target sharing different forms of personal information. However, no previous study has tested whether different forms of personal information are shared more or less than others. The current study used a modified social discounting task to test whether there were differences in the amount of personal information shared across four different forms: identification, financial, health, and security information. A between-participant experiment enrolling 100 college-aged participants showed that individuals had a significantly higher discounting rate for health information compared to three other forms of personal information, suggesting that health information was shared more for the participants. There were no statistically significant discounting rate differences between the other three forms of personal information. The results demonstrate that the social discounting task is a viable way to assess differential sharing for personal information. Future research should examine why health information is shared less than other forms of personal information, and whether this increases risk for falling prey to phishing scams targeting different forms of personal information.

PMID:36441508 | DOI:10.1002/jeab.810