Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Oct 27. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30530-8. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
In Iran, similar to other developing countries, groundwater quality has been seriously threatened. Therefore, this study aimed to apply Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs) in Groundwater Quality Modeling (GQM) and determine the optimal algorithm using the Best-Worst Method (BWM) in Ardabil province, Iran. Groundwater quality parameters included calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chlorine (Cl–), sulfate (SO4–), total dissolved solids (TDS), bicarbonate (HCO3–), electrical conductivity (EC), and acidity (pH). In the following, seven MLAs, including Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree Regressor (DTR), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes, Simple Linear Regression (SLR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were used in the Python programming language, and groundwater quality was modeled. Finally, BWM was used to validate the results of MLAs. The results of examining the error statistics in determining the optimal algorithm in groundwater quality modeling showed that the RF algorithm with values of MAE = 0.28, MSE = 0.12, RMSE = 0.35, and AUC = 0.93 was selected as the most optimal MLA. The Schoeller diagram also showed that various ion ratios, including Na+K, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, and HCO3+CO3, in most of the sampled points had upward average values. Based on the results of the BWM method, it can be concluded that a great similarity was observed between the results of the RF algorithm and the classification of the BWM method. These results showed that more than 50% of the studied area had low quality based on hydro-chemical parameters of groundwater quality. The findings of this research can assist managers and planners in developing suitable management models and implementing appropriate strategies for the optimal exploitation of groundwater resources.
PMID:37889408 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-30530-8
