Nitroxide-Containing Poly(2-oxazoline)s Show Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Behavior and Radical-Trapping Activity

Biomacromolecules. 2025 Jan 30. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01598. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) structures possess potent antioxidant activities for biomedical applications. TEMPO immobilization on hydrophilic polymers is a powerful strategy to improve its properties; however, it is mostly limited to reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations or postpolymerization approaches. Here, we immobilized TEMPO units on a hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) backbone through cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of a new 2-oxazoline monomer bearing a methoxy-protected TEMPO 2-substituent with 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx). The ratios of EtOx/TempOx were adjusted to optimize the nitroxide content while maintaining suitable water solubility of the resulting P(EtOx_x-stat-TempOx-O_y^•) copolymers upon deprotection. P(EtOx₄₀-stat-TempOx-O₁₀^•) and P(EtOx₃₃-stat-TempOx-O₁₇^•) showed a dual stimuli-responsive behavior and demonstrated significant radical-trapping activities in aqueous media. Particularly, a meaningful augmentation in the activity of TempOx-O^• was observed when it was immobilized as P(EtOx_x-stat-TempOx-O_y^•). The P(EtOx₄₀-stat-TempOx-O₁₀^•) system exhibited a longer-lasting activity in water, statistically comparable to that of the antioxidant ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Overall, this study introduces a biocompatible polymeric platform for TEMPO immobilization that augments its radical-trapping activity and offers controllable stimuli-responsive properties.

PMID:39883722 | DOI:10.1021/acs.biomac.4c01598