J Affect Disord. 2025 Sep 4:120251. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.120251. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Temperament has been increasingly studied in relation to neurodevelopmental disorders, including Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study examines the association between ADHD and affective temperament traits using the Temperament Scale of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego (TEMPS-A) in a clinical outpatient sample in Beirut, Lebanon.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 2564 psychiatric outpatients aged 15 or older who completed the TEMPS-A. ADHD diagnosis was determined through clinical assessments based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria. Statistical analyses included descriptive comparisons and multivariate logistic regression, with temperament trait scores categorized based on Lebanese population norms.
RESULTS: Participants had an average age of 38.53 years, with females comprising 52.3 % of the sample. Bivariate analyses showed ADHD was associated with higher cyclothymic (CT), hyperthymic (HT), and irritable (IT) temperament trait scores. After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, only IT remained a significant risk factor for ADHD (OR = 2.73, 95 % CI: 1.23-6.09), while depressive temperament trait (DT) emerged as a protective factor (OR = 0.38, 95 % CI: 0.17-0.87).
CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the complex relationship between temperament traits and ADHD. IT was a significant risk factor, while DT unexpectedly appeared protective. These results underscore the need for further investigation into temperament traits as a diagnostic and therapeutic consideration in ADHD.
PMID:40914534 | DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120251
