J Alzheimers Dis. 2025 Sep 22:13872877251378759. doi: 10.1177/13872877251378759. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BackgroundDiabetes has been linked to increased prevalence of dementia, but the link between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate potential associations between DR and AD-related protein biomarkers in plasma and ocular fluid.MethodsA prospective, cross-sectional study collected human blood, vitreous, aqueous, and tear samples and measured amyloid-β (Aβ40, Aβ42), total-tau (t-tau), phosphorylated-tau (ptau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) by digital immunoassays.ResultsThe study included 79 eyes (79 patients) [41 females (59.4%); mean (SD) age 57.1 (12.2) years] of which DR was present in 44 (55.7%). All six biomarkers were significantly higher in plasma in participants with DR compared to those without DR [Aβ40 p = 0.002, Aβ42 p = 0.002, t-tau = 0.013, ptau181 p = 0.005, GFAP p = 0.010, and NfL p < 0.001]. Within vitreous, DR participants had significantly elevated t-tau (p = 0.002), ptau181 (p = 0.049), and NfL (p = 0.006); and within aqueous, higher NfL (p = < 0.001). Neuropsychological testing scores were lower in participants with DR than those without but did not reach statistical significance (Montreal-Cognitive-Assessment: p = 0.070; Mini-Mental-State-Exam: p = 0.057).ConclusionsThis study showed significant increases of AD associated protein biomarkers in plasma, vitreous, and aqueous in patients with DR. These results support a potential biological link between DR and AD pathology and suggest that DR, which tends to occur in younger individuals, may be a predictive factor for AD.
PMID:40982223 | DOI:10.1177/13872877251378759
