Cureus. 2025 Dec 5;17(12):e98532. doi: 10.7759/cureus.98532. eCollection 2025 Dec.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy in elderly patients significantly increases the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), posing a challenge to safe outpatient care.
OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the frequency, nature, and clinical outcomes of ADRs associated with polypharmacy in elderly outpatients.
METHODOLOGY: A prospective observational study was conducted at the outpatient department of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Medical College (AJKMC), Muzaffarabad, over one year from June 2023 to May 2024. Through convenience sampling, 246 individuals who were at least 60 years old and using five or more drugs were included. Medical record reviews and structured patient interviews were used to gather data. The FDA Toxicity Grading Scale was used to classify ADRs according to their severity after they were evaluated using the FDA Toxicity Grading Scale. SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for the statistical analysis, and P < 0.05 was chosen as the significance level.
RESULTS: Of the 246 patients, 132 patients (53.66%) were male and 114 patients (46.34%) were female. The most common comorbidities were hypertension in 151 patients (61.38%), type 2 diabetes mellitus in 103 patients (41.87%), and ischemic heart disease in 89 patients (36.18%). Regarding polypharmacy, 94 patients (38.21%) were taking 5-6 medications, 87 patients (35.37%) were on 7-8 medications, and 65 patients (26.42%) were on 9 or more medications. A total of 76 patients (30.89%) experienced at least one ADR. The most frequently affected systems were gastrointestinal in 28 patients (11.38%) and dermatological in 17 patients (6.91%). ADRs were significantly more common in patients aged ≥80 years (16 out of 41, 39.02%), in those taking ≥9 medications (30 out of 65, 46.15%), and in those with two or more comorbidities (52 out of 121, 43.70%) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons).
CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy in elderly outpatients is strongly associated with clinically significant ADRs, warranting routine medication review and vigilant pharmacovigilance.
PMID:41492590 | PMC:PMC12765514 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.98532
