JAMA Netw Open. 2026 Feb 2;9(2):e2557361. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.57361.
ABSTRACT
IMPORTANCE: The requirement for in-person, often daily, attendance at opioid treatment programs (OTPs) makes travel times a barrier to methadone treatment. Research on methadone accessibility has primarily focused on travel via personal vehicle, and there is uncertainty about public transit travel time to methadone treatment.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate travel time via personal vehicle vs public transit to methadone treatment in the state of Connecticut.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study included geospatial analysis of median travel time to nearest OTP via personal vehicle and public transit from all census block groups (CBGs). This study took place in the state of Connecticut in 2023. Participants were all CBGs in Connecticut.
EXPOSURES: Participants were characterized by racial and ethnic demographics; household income; car ownership; urban, suburban, or rural designations; and per-capita opioid overdose deaths.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the median travel time to nearest OTP by via personal vehicle and public transit. Spatial error models using k-nearest neighbor spatial weight matrices were estimated to assess the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and travel times for each transportation mode (personal vehicle vs public transit) at the CBG level.
RESULTS: From the centroids of the 2702 CBGs in Connecticut, the median (IQR) travel time to the closest OTP was 11.0 (7.5-16.3) minutes by personal vehicle and 41.7 (31.0-49.5) minutes via public transit, with 1431 CBGs (53%) lacking access to public transit or having high public transit times (>60 minutes or no trip available). Travel times via public transit increased along the urban-rural gradient and across CBGs with an increasing percentage of non-Hispanic White residents. Median (IQR) travel times to an OTP from the 489 CBGs with the highest per-capita overdose death rates were 8.2 (5.9-11.7) minutes by personal vehicle and 37.6 (27.8-48.5) minutes by public transit, with 166 (34%) lacking public transit access.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this cross-sectional study of barriers to access to methadone treatment suggest that areas with high overdose death rates, low car ownership, and high public transit travel times should be targets for interventions (eg, mobile services or greater use of take-home doses for patients) to lower travel-based barriers to methadone. Current federal statutes and regulations governing methadone provision are the greatest barrier, as they directly require often daily transit to opioid treatment clinics. Reducing this barrier requires policy changes.
PMID:41632474 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.57361
