Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2026 Mar 26;69:101836. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2026.101836. eCollection 2026 Apr.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Predicting which individuals with M. tuberculosis (M. tb) infection will progress to active disease remains challenging. We evaluated whether a pragmatic serial, quantitative ESAT6-CFP10 (EC) antigen-based skin test strategy improves risk stratification for targeted prevention in a large-scale prospective cohort.
METHODS: We enrolled 73,761 contacts identified during school-based tuberculosis outbreaks in Jiangsu, China, from 2020 to 2024. Participants underwent baseline EC test, chest radiography, and symptom screening. EC-negative individuals were retested after 8-12 weeks. Incident tuberculosis was identified through active surveillance and registry linkage. We compared single vs. serial test strategies using Cox models, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and precision-recall (PR) curves.
FINDINGS: Among 73,761 close contacts, 108 had prevalent tuberculosis and 190 developed incident cases (overall incidence 151.2 per 100,000 person-years). EC response size predicted incident tuberculosis in a steep, dose-dependent manner. Each 1-mm increase in the maximum response diameter was associated with a 7% higher hazard. The serial test strategy, utilizing the maximum response from two measurements, substantially outperformed single test [C-statistic: 0.806 vs. 0.722]. At the ≥5 mm threshold, this combined strategy yielded a sensitivity of 65.0% and specificity of 96.1%. The subgroup of recent converters had a PPV of 3.4% (95% CI: 2.8-4.1), corresponding to an NNT of approximately 30, and a hazard ratio (HR) of 45.12 (95% CI: 32.50-62.63). Preventive treatment completion was strongly protective (aHR 0.17; 95% CI: 0.11-0.25).
INTERPRETATION: The “test twice, take maximum” EC strategy provides superior risk stratification for tuberculosis prevention. This approach identifies high-risk contacts for targeted intervention. Despite limited sensitivity, these results suggest that quantitative EC skin testing can provide a practical alternative for programmatic risk stratification. In settings where IGRAs are constrained by cost or infrastructure, this approach may enable more efficient targeting of preventive treatment.
FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China (82504476, 82473693, 82574173); Jiangsu Province Preventive Medicine Research Project (Ym2023039); The Special Scientific Research Project for Talent Introduction of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (KY2960YR2530); Jiangsu Province Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project (KYCX24_2061).
PMID:41960411 | PMC:PMC13058989 | DOI:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2026.101836
