Discov Nano. 2026 May 4;21(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-04597-4.
ABSTRACT
This study examines magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transfer of a ternary hybrid nanofluid over a rotating sphere incorporating thermophoretic particle deposition, thermal radiation, activation energy and chemical reaction effects. The nanofluid consists of [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] nanoparticles dispersed in propylene glycol. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations, which are solved using the Gegenbauer wavelet method. Results indicate that increasing magnetic interaction suppresses velocity due to Lorentz force effects while enhancing thermal distribution. Higher nanoparticle volume fraction improves heat transfer but increases viscous resistance. Thermophoresis and activation energy significantly influence mass transfer characteristics. Comparative analysis reveals that the ternary hybrid nanofluid exhibits enhanced thermal performance relative to the corresponding hybrid nanofluid configuration. The findings provide theoretical insight into MHD-controlled rotating nanofluid systems.
PMID:42081179 | DOI:10.1186/s11671-026-04597-4
