J Agric Saf Health. 2026 May 22;32(2):75-101. doi: 10.13031/jash.16385.
ABSTRACT
HIGHLIGHTS: Moderate handle lift angles (27°-56°) and handle lift heights (545-1111 mm) reduce hip/shoulder flexion. Lighter tools (<2.0 kg) lower MSD risk; heavier ones boost leverage for taller users. D-grip handles with natural curves enhance wrist alignment and comfort (64% preference). Adjustable designs can accommodate diverse anthropometrics to mitigate physical strain.
ABSTRACT: The design and characteristics of agricultural hand tools, including shovels and pitchforks, are essential for reducing physical strain and enhancing task efficiency among women farmers. This study investigates the ergonomic performance of conventional shovels and pitchforks in reducing physical strain among women farmers. A sample of seven female participants performed simulated farm tasks, scooping and throwing straw using 10 shovels and 8 pitchforks selected from an initial pool of 24 and 19, respectively. Tool mechanical parameters (weight, handle lift height, handle length, and handle lift angle) were measured with digital instruments, while user posture and biomechanical strain were assessed via 3D pose estimation using commercial AI-based ergonomic software (TuMeke). The software provided peak joint angles and calculated RULA and REBA scores as approximate indicators of musculoskeletal risk, and mechanical advantage was calculated using measured effort and resistance arm lengths. Two-way ANOVA analyses revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in hip and shoulder angles and mechanical advantage between tool types (shovels versus pitchforks) and handle grip designs (D-grip with natural inward curve versus straight handles). Results indicate that tools featuring moderate handle angles (27°-56°), handle lift heights aligning with typical standing elbow heights (545-1,111 mm), and lighter weights (<1.5-2.0 kg) effectively reduced awkward postures, as evidenced by lower peak hip and shoulder flexion angles and improved RULA/REBA scores. Conversely, heavier tools, while offering a higher mechanical advantage, imposed greater strain on the upper body. Additionally, approximately 64% of participants preferred D-grip handles with natural inward curves, which enhanced wrist alignment and overall comfort. This study highlights the importance of tool designs tailored to anthropometric variability. Tools with adjustable handle lift heights and moderate handle lift angles might improve health, reduce physical strain, and enhance productivity. Future research should explore broader anthropometric diversity, advanced analytical methods, and additional tool configurations to refine ergonomic recommendations.
PMID:42150159 | DOI:10.13031/jash.16385
