Front Oncol. 2026 Jun 26;16:1842330. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1842330. eCollection 2026.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Primary small-bowel tumors are uncommon and frequently present with non-specific symptoms. Timely and accurate diagnosis relies on a range of radiologic and endoscopy-based modalities, yet their comparative diagnostic performance remains uncertain.
METHODS: We performed a systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases were searched from inception to August 31, 2025, and the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews were hand-searched. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the QUADAS-2 tool. To avoid unit-of-analysis errors, the primary analysis used a de-duplicated dataset with one representative arm per study cohort according to a prespecified hierarchy: the primary or original/consensus reading reported by the source article, then the arm with the largest analyzable 2×2 denominator, and finally the estimate closest to the within-study median diagnostic odds ratio if ties remained. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were estimated using hierarchical bivariate random-effects models, while alternative arms were retained for sensitivity analyses.
RESULTS: Twenty-one studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the quantitative synthesis. The overall pooled sensitivity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.93) and specificity was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78-0.94), with an area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.97). Between-study heterogeneity was substantial. In modality-stratified analyses, dedicated enterography techniques (magnetic resonance enterography and computed tomography enterography) demonstrated the highest comprehensive diagnostic accuracy, outperforming conventional contrast-enhanced CT and functional imaging.
CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary imaging modalities exhibit high overall diagnostic performance for primary small-bowel tumors. Enterography-based cross-sectional imaging yielded the most favorable point estimates, although confidence intervals overlapped with those of conventional CT. These findings support CTE and MRE as strong diagnostic options within a multimodality pathway rather than proving clear statistical superiority.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420251144585.
PMID:42434747 | PMC:PMC13349763 | DOI:10.3389/fonc.2026.1842330
