Sci Rep. 2026 Jul 16. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-62403-8. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Radiative-conductive systems are intrinsically nonlinear due to the quartic temperature dependence of thermal radiation. Under fixed total heating power, convexity arguments imply that nonuniform temperature distributions radiate more efficiently and therefore exhibit a lower mean temperature than their isothermal counterparts. However, this conclusion remains qualitative, and an explicit quantitative relation between temperature nonuniformity and mean temperature reduction has been lacking. Here we derive a variance-based analytical expression linking the area-averaged temperature to the corresponding isothermal equilibrium temperature in a nonuniformly heated radiative-conductive system. Within a second-order asymptotic expansion about the ambient temperature, we show that the leading reduction in the area-averaged temperature is proportional to the temperature variance. This result transforms the convexity-based inequality into a quantitative statistical relation within the perturbative regime and provides a physically transparent framework for describing nonlinear radiative averaging in thermally heterogeneous systems.
PMID:42463797 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-62403-8
