J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2025 May 20;44(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s13046-025-03407-6.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options in advanced stages. While c-Met is a promising therapeutic target in HCC, identifying patients who will benefit from c-Met inhibitors remains a significant challenge. This study aimed to investigate the role of HHLA2, a B7 family member, in HCC and its potential as a liquid biopsy marker for c-Met inhibitor therapy.
METHODS: HHLA2 expression was analyzed in clinical HCC samples and public databases. In vitro studies using HCC cell lines assessed HHLA2’s impact on proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In vivo studies using mouse models (orthotopic xenografts and hydrodynamic tail vein injection) evaluated HHLA2’s role in tumor growth and metastasis. Mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation, split-luciferase, and ELISA assays were used to investigate HHLA2-c-Met interactions. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were used to assess drug response. Statistical analyses included Student’s t-tests, ANOVA, and Cox regression.
RESULTS: HHLA2 was found to be upregulated in HCC and associated with advanced disease, aggressive clinicopathological features, and poor prognosis. HHLA2 interacted with and constitutively activated c-Met, leading to increased expression of MMP9 and VEGFA, enhancing HCC cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. HHLA2 also suppressed hepatic natural killer cell infiltration in vivo. Inhibition of c-Met with PHA665752 effectively reversed HHLA2-mediated tumor-promoting effects in vitro and in vivo. HHLA2 expression in HCC tissues correlated with c-Met phosphorylation, and HHLA2 could be detected in the serum of patients with high tumor HHLA2 levels. PDOs with high HHLA2 expression exhibited increased sensitivity to c-Met inhibition.
CONCLUSIONS: HHLA2 acts as an oncogene in HCC by activating c-Met, promoting tumor progression and metastasis. HHLA2 expression correlates with c-Met activation and predicts poor prognosis in HCC patients. Importantly, HHLA2 can serve as a stratification marker for c-Met inhibitor therapy, potentially enabling a personalized approach to improve therapeutic outcomes in this challenging disease.
PMID:40394703 | DOI:10.1186/s13046-025-03407-6
