J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s11606-025-09701-5. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Transgender and gender diverse (trans) populations are at elevated risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
OBJECTIVE: Measure the association of gender identity and gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) with ASCVD outcomes.
DESIGN: Cohort study.
PARTICIPANTS: Over 1 million veterans receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration.
MAIN MEASURES: Gender identity was identified via a validated natural language processing (NLP) algorithm. Incident ASCVD (acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or revascularization after the baseline date) was identified via International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes among veterans without prevalent ASCVD. We calculated sample statistics stratified by gender identity and used Cox proportional hazard regression to assess associations of gender identity and GAHT with incident ASCVD.
KEY RESULTS: Among 1,105,082 veterans, 42,149 were classified as trans (8013 transfeminine, 7127 transmasculine, and 27,009 uncategorized trans) while 918,843 were cisgender men and 144,090 were cisgender women. During a median follow-up of 9.39 years, 92,910 veterans had incident ASCVD (2806 among trans veterans). Adjusting for age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, and sexual orientation, trans veterans had 1.52 [1.45, 1.59] and 0.92 [0.89, 0.96] times the hazard of ASCVD compared to cisgender women and cisgender men, respectively. Compared to trans veterans not receiving GAHT, GAHT among trans veterans assigned female at birth was significantly associated a reduced hazard of ASCVD (0.89 [0.80, 0.98]); GAHT was not associated with ASCVD among trans veterans assigned male at birth (0.99 [0.89, 1.09]).
LIMITATIONS: With NLP, there is potential for selection bias as clinicians may preferentially document the gender identity for trans more than cisgender veterans.
CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies to examine the association of both gender identity and GAHT with incident ASCVD in veterans. Future research must comprehensively evaluate ASCVD outcomes and the effects of gender-affirming care (including hormone therapy) in trans populations.
PMID:40601199 | DOI:10.1007/s11606-025-09701-5
