Cureus. 2025 Jun 30;17(6):e87041. doi: 10.7759/cureus.87041. eCollection 2025 Jun.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a prevalent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), and early diagnosis is critical for preventing adverse cardiovascular events. While exercise stress testing (EST) is a common non-invasive tool, its diagnostic performance in hypertensive individuals, especially when combined with beta-blocker therapy, remains under-evaluated. The beta-blocker metoprolol may enhance diagnostic accuracy in this population.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of EST combined with metoprolol therapy in hypertensive patients with suspected CAD.
METHODOLOGY: This prospective, hospital-based controlled diagnostic study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, Abbas Institute of Medical Science (AIMS), Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 224 hypertensive patients aged between 30 and 70 years with clinical suspicion of CAD (based on anginal symptoms, ECG changes, or physician judgment) were enrolled. Patients with a known history of CAD, contraindications to exercise or beta-blockers, or current beta-blocker use were excluded. All participants received a single oral dose of 50 mg metoprolol tartrate one hour prior to EST, performed using the Bruce protocol. Adverse effects and hemodynamic responses were monitored. A positive EST was defined by ischemic ECG changes, anginal symptoms, or abnormal blood pressure response. All patients underwent confirmatory testing with either coronary angiography or myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), depending on clinical indication. Diagnostic metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), were calculated using confirmed CAD status as the gold standard. Confidence intervals were calculated to assess the precision of diagnostic estimates. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with categorical variables reported as frequencies and percentages, continuous variables as mean ± SD, and diagnostic accuracy of EST with metoprolol evaluated against confirmed CAD using sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and chi-square test (p < 0.05).
RESULTS: Out of 224 patients, 138 (61.61%) had a negative EST and 86 (38.39%) had a positive result. CAD was confirmed in 94 patients (41.96%). Of the 86 patients with a positive EST, 68 (79.07%) had confirmed CAD. Among the 138 patients with a negative EST, 26 (18.84%) were found to have CAD. The combination of EST and metoprolol demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 72.34%, specificity of 86.15%, PPV of 79.07%, NPV of 81.16%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 80.36%.
CONCLUSION: In hypertensive patients with suspected CAD, combining EST with metoprolol provides a viable and non-invasive diagnostic strategy, offering high specificity and PPV despite moderate sensitivity.
PMID:40741561 | PMC:PMC12309863 | DOI:10.7759/cureus.87041
