Dent Mater. 2025 Dec 31:S0109-5641(25)00856-5. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.012. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The high occurrence of fractures, cracking and chipping of zirconia pre-sintered blanks and blocks during machining decreases their yield and can transfer lifetime-limiting cracks to the final sintered restoration. This study has the objective of characterizing the mechanical and fracture properties of two zirconia compositions while varying temperature and time of pre-sintering, in order to assess the space for possible improvement.
METHODS: We selected two typical granular powders with 3 mol% (3YSZ, Zpex®, Tosoh) or 5 mol% (5YSZ, Zpex Smile®, Tosoh) yttria-stabilized zirconia and two pre-sintered commercial analogs (IPS e.max® ZirCAD MO, Ivoclar and Katana™ STML, Kuraray). The debinding and pre-sintering stages of the experimental powders were characterized using thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry), and the crystal phase composition was quantified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Physical and mechanical properties such as density, hardness, flexural modulus, biaxial flexural strength and fracture toughness were measured for two pre-sintering temperatures (1000 °C, 1100 °C) and increasing holding times at those temperatures (2 h, 4 h, 6 h). The chipping resistance for those conditions was quantified using the edge chipping test using a Vickers diamond indenter.
RESULTS: Thermal analyses revealed that both powders show comparable debinding behavior and contained approx. 3.8 mass % organic binder, which burns-out completely between 300 and 400 °C. The crystallographic phase changes occurring during the 2-6 h at 1000 °C and 1100 °C was not detectable in the DSC signal, but quantifiable by XRD. Namely, a major content of monoclinic phase in both powders transforms completely into the two tetragonal phases, starting below 1000 °C and concluding above 1100 °C. All physical and mechanical properties increased with holding time for both temperatures, though more steeply for pre-sintering at 1100°C. Edge chipping resistance response was well aligned with other fracture properties, with a more marked improvement for 3YSZ pre-sintered at 1100 °C. For all properties, the 3YSZ zirconia showed statistically-higher values for the same temperature-time conditions, in agreement with the values obtained for the commercial materials as well.
SIGNIFICANCE: The results demonstrate the weakness of pre-sintered zirconia products concerning fracture properties, but also the potential for improvement as related to type of zirconia and pre-sintering conditions. This study outlines the use of a set of mechanical tests that can characterize chipping resistance and guide future research engaging in optimizing the machining resistance of pre-sintered zirconia products.
PMID:41478804 | DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.012
