Environ Monit Assess. 2026 Mar 31;198(4):388. doi: 10.1007/s10661-026-15261-w.
ABSTRACT
Pit latrines are widely used sanitation systems in underdeveloped countries. However, poor construction and maintenance often allow pathogenic bacteria to contaminate surrounding soil and water, facilitating the spread of enteric diseases. Young children are particularly vulnerable because geophagy (soil ingestion) increases exposure to fecal pathogens, leading to higher incidences of diarrhea, growth impairment, and mortality. This review investigates the association between pit latrine-derived contamination of water (surface and groundwater) and soil (including sludge) and its impacts on child health. Relevant studies were systematically collected, summarized, and compared. The health effects of pathogens, particularly among children aged 6-24 months, are discussed, along with reported child mortality rates linked to fecal contaminated soil and water. Common pathogens identified in contaminated soils include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Bacteroides (HF183), and rotavirus, with several studies reporting multidrug-resistant strains. High child mortality from diarrhea and pneumonia has been consistently associated with poor sanitation and open defecation. Pit latrines promote aerobic decomposition at the sludge surface and anaerobic decomposition at depth, enabling pathogen survival, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil contamination. Improved latrine designs incorporating impermeable linings, along with phytoremediation strategies, may offer effective solutions to mitigate pathogen persistence and environmental contamination.
PMID:41915284 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-026-15261-w
