Category: Nevin Manimala

Curr Eye Res. 2025 Sep 16:1-9. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2025.2557590. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate time-dependent structural and functional retinal alterations in a mouse model of prolonged lens-induced myopia.

METHODS: Myopia was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by fitting -30 D lenses on both eyes starting at postnatal week 3. Mice were assigned to either a long-term induction group (3-9 weeks of age) or a short-term induction group (3-6 weeks of age). Separate groups fitted with 0 D lenses served as controls. Ocular parameters, including refraction, axial length, choroidal thickness, and retinal thickness were measured at weeks 3, 6, and 9 using an infrared photorefractor and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Retinal function was assessed by dark-adapted electroretinography at week 9 for the long-term group and at week 6 for the short-term group. Statistical analyses included two-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test for comparisons across groups and time points, and two-tailed unpaired t-test or one-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD post hoc test for group comparisons at individual time points.

RESULTS: After 6 weeks of myopia induction, the long-term myopia group exhibited significant reduction in refraction, axial length elongation, and choroidal thickness thinning. Inner retinal thickness was markedly reduced, and electroretinography revealed attenuated amplitudes and delayed implicit times of the oscillatory potentials.

CONCLUSION: Prolonged lens-induced myopia in mice induces time-dependent structural and functional retinal alterations, particularly in the inner layers. This model underscores the significance of early retinal monitoring under long-term myopic conditions and serves as a platform for investigating retinal vulnerability and developing preservation strategies over time.

PMID:40955491 | DOI:10.1080/02713683.2025.2557590

Vopr Pitan. 2025;94(4):76-85. doi: 10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-4-76-85. Epub 2025 Jul 21.

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, associated with the global obesity pandemic, makes modern healthcare necessary to improve diagnostic tools aimed at early detection and further evaluation of the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. Bioimpedance is a modern diagnostic tool in dietetics and endocrinology. Differences in body composition, as well as the accumulation of fat mass in patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism, become an urgent issue to study. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the body composition of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and insulin resistance (IR).

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis of medical records of 1003 patients who received individual consultations from a dietitian and an endocrinologist at the bases of medical, preventive and diagnostic organizations in Samara has been carried out. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the disease history: with diagnosed DM2 (288 people); with clinically established IR (319 people) and without carbohydrate metabolism disorders (396 people). The data of the morbidity history and the results of bioimpedance have been analyzed.

RESULTS: A significant difference in the component composition between patients with DM2, insulin resistance and without impaired carbohydrate metabolism was revealed in all parameters, except for active cellular and musculo-skeletal mass in kilograms and basal metabolism in women and except for the percentage of fat mass in men. DM2 patients were found to have the highest median values of body weight and body mass index (BMI), fat mass, total body water, and the lowest values of active cellular and skeletal muscle mass relative to lean body mass, as well as the current metabolic rate (specific basal metabolic rate and phase angle). The results of the component composition in patients of different sexes had a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in patients with IR and DM2 for all indicators except body fat mass in kilograms and BMI. At the same time, in the group of patients without carbohydrate metabolism disorders, statistically significant differences were not found for any of the indicators, except for the phase angle and fat mass in kilograms, which may indicate the presence of certain gender-specific characteristics of the influence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders on the component composition of the body. Significant differences in fat mass and proportion of fat mass were found for patients with and without carbohydrate metabolism disorders depending on the body mass index. There were also significant differences in fat mass and the fat mass available for patients with and without impaired carbohydrate metabolism, depending on BMI.

CONCLUSION: Bioelectrical impedance analysis as a method of analyzing the body structure and nutritional status of patients is an effective and easy-to-use tool capable of detecting abnormalities in the accumulation of adipose tissue and metabolic processes in patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Differences in the fat component of body composition in individuals with excess body weight and obesity in the presence and absence of DM2 and IR confirm the need to assess the body composition in patients of dietary and endocrinological profiles for early detection of these disorders and their control in view of the diabetogenic effect of adipose tissue.

PMID:40955487 | DOI:10.33029/0042-8833-2025-94-4-76-85

Crit Rev Toxicol. 2025 Sep 16:1-19. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2025.2546427. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to be an emerging chemical class of concern due to their long half-lives in nature and in the human body. There have been many epidemiology studies published in the scientific literature on PFAS and various health effects. Until recently, these studies have focused on assessing exposure to individual PFAS rather than exposure to mixtures of PFAS. Over the past two decades, mixture methods-statistical methods for investigating the association of mixtures-have been developed, making it possible to more accurately assess the risk of adverse health effects associated with exposure to PFAS. To help provide a resource for the overall evaluation of potential health effects of PFAS mixtures, we applied a consistent set of examination methods and criteria for all epidemiology studies that examined the potential relationship between exposure to PFAS mixtures and various types of health outcomes. We identified 233 cohort studies, 39 case-control studies, and 89 cross-sectional studies that evaluated general background-level exposures, exposure from contaminated sites, and occupational exposure to PFAS mixtures and health outcomes including metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune system effects, fetal development, pregnancy outcomes, reproductive effects, liver function, and respiratory effects. We extracted study characteristics and results in a systematic manner and performed a formal study quality evaluation and classified studies into tiers based on their methodological strengths and weaknesses. We found 42 prospective cohort studies, five nested case-control studies, and one traditional case-control study that qualified for inclusion in the highest tier of quality (Tier I). Overall, the weight of evidence from this systematic review indicates that the available epidemiology studies currently support an association between exposure to PFAS mixtures and adiposity, increased total cholesterol, and hypertension, while the evidence for all other health outcomes is suggestive or limited.

PMID:40955472 | DOI:10.1080/10408444.2025.2546427

Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1177/10962964251380366. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Background: The impact of splenectomy on immune function and infection risk in trauma patients remains debated. Severely ill trauma patients are known to have a high risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). We hypothesize that trauma patients undergoing splenectomy do not have a higher incidence of VAP compared with those managed with splenic preservation. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of trauma registry data for patients admitted with splenic injuries from 2017 to 2023. Exclusions included patients who died within 48 h, had an Injury Severity Score (ISS) <25, or required <3 ventilator days. Only patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed splenic injuries were included. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma splenic injury scale was used to grade injury severity. VAP was defined per the 2024 National Trauma Data Standard by the American College of Surgeons. We collected data on ISS, Abbreviated Injury Scale for chest, abdomen-pelvis, and head, demographics, hospital, ICU length of stay, ventilator days, mechanism of injury, microbiology, vaccination status, and splenic injury grade. Patients were stratified into splenectomy and splenic preservation groups, which included embolization, splenorrhaphy, or observation. VAP incidence was compared across groups. Results: Among 140 patients, 64 (46%) underwent splenectomy, and 76 (54%) had splenic preservation. Uni-variable analysis showed higher VAP rates in the splenic preservation group (32.9% vs. 18.8%), but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.059). Multi-variable regression confirmed that longer ventilator days increased VAP risk (OR: 1.13, p < 0.001). Splenectomy itself was not associated with a higher VAP incidence (OR: 0.42, p = 0.054). Conclusion: In this study, splenectomy was not substantially associated with VAP, whereas prolonged ventilator duration remained the strongest predictor. Larger studies are needed to clarify whether splenectomy influences pneumonia risk.

PMID:40955467 | DOI:10.1177/10962964251380366

J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2025 Jan 16:qnaf004. doi: 10.1093/jrsssa/qnaf004. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) poses significant health risks and accurately determining the shape of the relationship between PM_2.5 and health outcomes has crucial policy implications. Although various statistical methods exist to estimate this exposure-response curve (ERC), few studies have compared their performance under plausible data-generating scenarios. This study compares seven commonly used ERC estimators across 72 exposure-response and confounding scenarios via simulation. Additionally, we apply these methods to estimate the ERC between long-term PM_2.5 exposure and all-cause mortality using data from over 68 million Medicare beneficiaries in the United States. Our simulation indicates that regression methods not placed within a causal inference framework are unsuitable when anticipating heterogeneous exposure effects. Under the setting of a large sample size and unknown ERC functional form, we recommend utilizing causal inference methods that allow for nonlinear ERCs. In our data application, we observe a nonlinear relationship between annual average PM_2.5 and all-cause mortality in the Medicare population, with a sharp increase in relative mortality at low PM_2.5 concentrations. Our findings suggest that stricter limits on PM_2.5 could avert numerous premature deaths. To facilitate the utilization of our results, we provide publicly available, reproducible code on Github for every step of the analysis.

PMID:40955424 | PMC:PMC12433667 | DOI:10.1093/jrsssa/qnaf004

J Child Adolesc Trauma. 2025 Mar 12;18(3):517-527. doi: 10.1007/s40653-024-00677-8. eCollection 2025 Sep.

ABSTRACT

Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) was added as a new diagnosis to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Research on treatment interventions for PGD has focused primarily on adults. However, due to developmental differences, children and adolescents may experience grief differently than adults. There is a need to tailor interventions to children and adolescent populations, but there is a lack of consensus on best practices for treating PGD in these populations. The purpose of this study was to review existing interventions for PGD in children and adolescents to better inform clinicians working with this population. A systematic review was conducted through Google Scholar, APAPsychNet, and by following citations. Studies were reviewed for participant age, prolonged grief symptoms or diagnosis, intervention, and outcomes. Ten studies were included for review with eight interventions identified. Results for each intervention were found to be generally positive in reducing PGD symptoms. Interventions were grouped by modality including group treatments, hybrid treatments (combined group or individual therapy with family therapy), family treatment, and individual treatment. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Attachment Theory and Multidimensional Grief Theory were common theoretical bases for interventions and all shared elements of psychoeducation and integrating knowledge about the loss with existing knowledge. Involvement of surviving parents in treatment was found to be a common element across most child and adolescent interventions and was not included in PGD treatment for adults. This review was limited in scope due to lack of research on child and adolescent populations for PGD treatment and heterogeneity of intervention types. However, preliminary findings support the efficacy of interventions for PGD in children and adolescents and highlight a key difference in treatment for these populations.

PMID:40955395 | PMC:PMC12433411 | DOI:10.1007/s40653-024-00677-8

J Child Adolesc Trauma. 2025 Apr 15;18(3):541-554. doi: 10.1007/s40653-025-00707-z. eCollection 2025 Sep.

ABSTRACT

While there are multiple risk factors associated with adolescent sexual violence perpetration, childhood trauma and adversity may be one of the most prominent factors. Trauma sequela including regulation deficits, trauma symptoms, and attachment-based disruptions may be key modifiable targets in interventions that aim to impact functional outcomes, yet treatment targets and philosophies of change are not always well defined or not robustly integrated into problem sexual behavior treatment programs for adolescents. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for problem sexual behaviors among adolescents (TF-CBT for PSB-A) has emerged as a new treatment option for adolescents with histories of victimization or adversity who may concurrently be at risk for or have detected PSB. This study explored the initial feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary promise in providing the enhanced TF-CBT for PSB-A in community-based and juvenile justice settings to youth and their caregivers. Results show feasibility and acceptability of this intervention but found notable readiness factors that warrant consideration. Results also demonstrated statistical significance and positive trends from pre-to post-test on treatment targets. This study offers promise for trauma-specific treatment services among youth and opportunities for strengthening training and implementation.

PMID:40955387 | PMC:PMC12433378 | DOI:10.1007/s40653-025-00707-z

J Ophthalmol. 2025 Sep 7;2025:1477145. doi: 10.1155/joph/1477145. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To objectively evaluate ocular cycloposition using conventional color fundus photography (CFP) and Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) in exotropic patients undergoing horizontal strabismus surgery and to assess the agreement between these methods. Additionally, we aimed to determine whether surgery alters ocular torsion in pure exotropia. Methods: In this prospective, single-center study, 42 eyes from 21 patients with exotropia requiring bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession were evaluated. The disc-center fovea angle (DFA) was measured pre- and postoperatively using CFP (Topcon fundus camera) and Spectralis OCT with fovea-to-disc (FoDi) alignment software. Results: The angle of exodeviation improved significantly postoperatively, from 35.10 ± 7.89 to 3.76 ± 3.73 prism diopters (p < 0.001). Both CFP- and OCT-derived DFA values remained stable in both eyes at 6 months (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). No significant differences were observed between CFP and OCT measurements at baseline or postoperatively (p > 0.05). Preoperative intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between methods was strong (right eye: 0.765; left eye: 0.750), decreasing postoperatively to moderate levels (right eye: 0.618; left eye: 0.661). Conclusion: Horizontal strabismus surgery does not significantly alter ocular torsion in pure exotropia. Spectralis OCT reliably quantifies cyclotorsion but may yield marginally lower DFA values compared to CFP, despite no statistical difference.

PMID:40955372 | PMC:PMC12433727 | DOI:10.1155/joph/1477145

Appl Psychol Meas. 2025 Sep 13:01466216251379471. doi: 10.1177/01466216251379471. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Extreme and midpoint response styles have frequently been found to decrease the validity of Likert-type questionnaire results. Different approaches for modelling extreme and midpoint responding have been proposed in the literature, with some advocating for a unidimensional conceptualization of the response styles as opposite poles, and others modelling them as separate dimensions. How these response styles are modelled influences the estimation complexity, parameter estimates, and detection of and correction for response styles in IRT models. For these reasons, we examine if it is possible to empirically distinguish between extreme and midpoint responding as two separate dimensions versus two opposite sides of a single dimension. The various conceptualizations are modelled using the multidimensional nominal response model, with the AIC and BIC being used to distinguish between the competing models in a simulation study and an empirical example. Results indicate good performance of both information criteria given sufficient sample size, test length, and response style strength. The BIC outperformed the AIC in cases where no response styles were present, while the AIC outperformed the BIC in cases where multiple response style dimensions were present. Implications of the results for practice are discussed.

PMID:40955369 | PMC:PMC12433433 | DOI:10.1177/01466216251379471

Scientifica (Cairo). 2025 Sep 7;2025:2603978. doi: 10.1155/sci5/2603978. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

The present study explores the ichthyodiversity of a Cyprinid fish. A total of 622 fish samples were collected from five different sites of the Kurram River and identified using standard keys for identification. Out of 622 collected fish samples, 188 were related to the family Cyprinidae comprised of 19 species such as Barilius vagra, Barilius modestus, Barilius pakistanicus, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Carassius auratus, Salmophasia punjabensis, Amblypharyngodon mola, Gara gotyla, Puntius conchonius, Puntius chola, Puntius sophore, Puntius ticto, Tor putitora, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizothorax labiatus, Labeo diplocheilus, and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The current study explores 5 new species, i.e., Schizothorax labiatus, Schizothorax esocinus, Amblypharyngodon mola, Puntius chola, and Salmophasia punjabensis for the first time, which are not reported in the earlier work. Principal component analysis (PCA) and diversity indices were analyzed using XLSTAT in conjunction with Microsoft Excel 2019 to assess the correlation and richness of fish diversity. To check the water quality of the River Kurram, the following parameters were examined: temperature, copper, pH, nitrate, alkalinity, chlorine, total hardness, iron, nitrite, and lead. All the recorded physicochemical parameters remained within the safe limits throughout the study period.

PMID:40955354 | PMC:PMC12433728 | DOI:10.1155/sci5/2603978