Category: Nevin Manimala

Sci Rep. 2026 May 2. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-51652-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Zoonotic diseases are common threats to global health. A large number of infectious diseases are transmitted from animals to humans. The current study aimed to assess the community’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding common zoonotic diseases in the Arbaminch district. A cross-sectional survey was carried out between November 2024 and June 2025. A total of 384 participants were interviewed in the study. Participants residing in these areas were randomly chosen. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Stata 17, and the results were reported using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. The findings of this study revealed that a majority (55%) of participants had good knowledge about zoonotic diseases. Respondents know several modes of transmission for zoonotic diseases, with animal bites (32.5%) being the most recognized, followed by direct contact (15.5%), ingestion of raw products (10%), and inhalation (10%). Regarding attitudes, 63.2% of respondents exhibited a positive attitude towards the importance of zoonotic disease prevention and control, and 67.4% of respondents followed relatively good hygiene and preventive behaviors. However, risky practices were still common. Knowledge score showed a significant association with age. Attitudes of participants were significantly associated with education, age, occupation, and income. Similarly, practices were significantly associated with gender, education level, occupation, and income, with all associations being statistically significant (p < 0.05). The overall community knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding zoonotic diseases were relatively good.

PMID:42069944 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-51652-2

Sci Rep. 2026 May 2. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-51605-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Oral lichen planus is a chronic disease of the oral mucosa, with pain as one of its main symptoms. This study aimed to assess the correlation between the results of four pain intensity measures-including the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), and Verbal Rating Scale (VRS)- in a population of patients diagnosed with oral lichen planus. In this prospective observational study, 66 patients with oral lichen planus participated. Four pain assessment scales were used, including VAS, NRS, VRS, and SF-MPQ. Participants completed these assessments at baseline and again after two weeks of treatment. A paired t-test, Spearman correlation, linear regression analysis, and adjusted multiple regression analysis (regarding age and level of education) were used to analyze the data. All four scales were sensitive to changes in pain after treatment and a significant reduction in pain scores was observed (p < 0.001). There was a strong positive correlation between all scales (p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that scores on each scale could significantly predict scores on the other scales (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and level of education, showed the correlations between the pain scales remained strong and significant (p < 0.001). These commonly used pain assessment scales showed strong correlation with each other, and it seems that the results obtained from each might be comparable with the others. However, further researches in larger studies and different populations are needed.

PMID:42069940 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-51605-9

Sci Rep. 2026 May 2. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50341-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Swallowing and diaphragmatic functions share neural regulatory pathways and require synchronous assessment. Patients who have had a stroke are susceptible to many complications, of which dysphagia and diaphragmatic dysfunction are particularly common. To compare the distribution and severity of swallowing function in stroke patients with and without diaphragmatic dysfunction, and to explore the correlation between swallowing and diaphragmatic functions. This cross-sectional observational study among 102 Chinese stroke patients with hemiplegia was conducted in August 2022 to December 2024. Data collection was completed in the first 48 h following admission, including sex, age, post-stroke duration, stroke type, stroke region, hemiplegia side, nasogastric feeding, and pneumonia. The patients were stratified into two groups by the presence or absence of diaphragmatic dysfunction, which was assessed by diaphragmatic ultrasound with a threshold of diaphragm thickening fraction (TFdi) < 20%. We compared the distribution and severity of different swallowing functions using the Modified Barium Swallow Study Impairment Profile (MBSImP) and the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) by Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS) between the two groups. Significant differences were found between the two groups in the oral and pharyngeal phases of the MBSImP (p < 0.003), including hold position/tongue control, bolus preparation/mastication, bolus transport/lingual motion, oral residue, initiation of the pharyngeal swallow, anterior hyoid motion, pharyngeal stripping wave, and pharyngeal residue (p < 0.003). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the two groups in some components of the MBSImP including lip closure, soft palate elevation, laryngeal elevation, epiglottic movement, laryngeal closure, pharyngeal contraction, and tongue base retraction (p > 0.003). The severity of swallowing physiological impairment by MBSImP between the two groups, including the oral phase, pharyngeal phase and total MBSImP scores showed significant differences (p < 0.003). By contrast, the distribution and severity of penetration and aspiration risk by PAS showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.003). TFdi was negatively correlated with grades of Water Swallowing Test, the oral phase, pharyngeal phase and total MBSImP scores (rs = -0.327 to -0.300, p < 0.003). Whereas no significant correlations were found between TFdi and pneumonia, nasogastric feeding and the PAS scores (p > 0.003). Patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction exhibited a higher proportion of swallowing physiological impairment in the oral and pharyngeal phases, along with greater severity of such impairments. Diaphragmatic function was correlated with swallowing function, but the correlation was weak and of uncertain clinical significance.

PMID:42069938 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-50341-4

NPJ Digit Med. 2026 May 2;9(1):347. doi: 10.1038/s41746-026-02662-x.

ABSTRACT

Access to large, diverse biomedical datasets is critical for advancing medical research, yet privacy regulations severely restrict data sharing. We present an end-to-end framework for privacy-preserving health data synthesis that integrates advanced deep generative models (DGMs) with robust preprocessing, formal differential privacy (DP) training for select DGMs, empirical privacy risk evaluation, data-sufficiency analysis, domain-guided quality control, and biobank visualization tools. Released as open-source containerized software, the framework ensures reproducible deployment while preserving statistical fidelity, machine learning (ML) utility, and privacy guarantees. Empirical evaluations across diverse biobank datasets demonstrate that TabSyn-a transformer-based diffusion model-combined with our correlation-and distribution-aware CorrDst loss function achieves superior performance balancing fidelity, privacy, and computational efficiency. The tailored preprocessing pipeline effectively handles high missingness rates, substantially improving distributional accuracy and clinical plausibility. Across 26 biobank datasets spanning three regulatory levels, the framework shows that TabSyn with correlation- and distribution-aware loss function consistently achieves superior performance in terms of fidelity, privacy, and computational efficiency.

PMID:42069937 | DOI:10.1038/s41746-026-02662-x

Sci Rep. 2026 May 2. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-50398-1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Early and accurate detection of plant leaf diseases is an essential requirement for precision agriculture, given their severe impact on global food security. While much has been done recently, many deep learning-based approaches will still fail in real-world tests because of challenges such as background clutter, differences in illumination, occlusion, or the fact that visual symptoms for these diseases can be very subtle early on. Traditional CNN- and Transformer-based architectures generally lack accurate lesion localisation and interpretability, hindering their practical deployment in agricultural decision-support tools. To address these issues, we present LDDHybridNet, a region-based, explanation-friendly deep learning framework that can identify leaf disease at an early, accurate stage. It then applies preprocessing steps guided by ROI, based on leaf segmentation from the U-Net, followed by a compact CNN-based spatial feature-extraction framework. We arrange spatial feature embeddings extracted from lesion regions into an ordered sequence and employ a Bi-LSTM with attention to model structured contextual dependencies, allowing progression-aware feature learning without requiring actual temporal image sequences. Lastly, Grad-CAM-based post-hoc explainability is employed to interpret model decisions, enabling transparent visualisation of disease-relevant regions. We conduct extensive experiments on the PlantVillage benchmark and the FieldPlant dataset and show that LDDHybridNet consistently outperforms representative CNN, transformer, and hybrid baselines across multiple evaluation metrics. Although the near-ceiling performance on PlantVillage reveals the dataset’s artificial nature, the proposed framework achieves 95.37% accuracy under real-world field conditions and 92.84% on weak-lesion early-stage samples, demonstrating the method’s robustness and early-stage detection potential. The performance boosts are statistically significant (P < 0.01). In general, LDDHybridNet is an interpretable and robust deep learning framework for leaf disease detection, which can support data-driven crop protection and precision agriculture applications.

PMID:42069934 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-50398-1

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2026 May 2;146(1):168. doi: 10.1007/s00402-026-06328-x.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The optimal fixation method in total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains under debate. While cemented fixation has been associated with a lower risk of periprosthetic fracture, uncemented fixation predominates in Japan. This study aimed to compare early postoperative complications between cemented and uncemented fixation in elective THA using a nationwide inpatient database.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 198,102 patients aged ≥ 65 years who underwent primary THA for osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, or rheumatoid arthritis between December 2011 and March 2023 from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) database. After 1:1 propensity score matching for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and Charlson Comorbidity Index, 36,859 patients were included in each fixation cohort. Surgical and medical complications, and in-hospital mortality were compared using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS: Cemented fixation was associated with a significantly lower risk of periprosthetic fracture (odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.53; p < 0.001), blood transfusion (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.74-0.78; p < 0.001), and deep vein thrombosis (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.74-0.84; p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences based on the predefined threshold (p < 0.001) in dislocation, infection, pulmonary embolism, cardiac or cerebrovascular events, or in-hospital mortality between fixation types, although a trend toward higher in-hospital mortality in the cemented group was observed.

CONCLUSIONS: Cemented THA was associated with reduced rates of periprosthetic fracture, transfusion, and deep vein thrombosis without increasing other perioperative or medical complications. These findings suggest that cemented fixation may be associated with favorable short-term outcomes in selected patients.

PMID:42069928 | DOI:10.1007/s00402-026-06328-x

Adv Mater. 2026 May 2:e18756. doi: 10.1002/adma.202518756. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Sequence-controlled polymers, such as polypeptides, offer a versatile platform for tuning the microenvironment of catalytic centers, drawing inspiration from enzymes while enabling a larger design space, structural flexibility, automated synthesis, and compatibility with closed-loop optimization. Here, we designed an artificial oxidase system by immobilizing Fe(III)-protoporphyrin IX onto a lysine residue in synthetic decapeptides via amide linkage. Using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and acetophenone as a model substrate, we used an active-learning-guided closed-loop workflow to prioritize peptide sequences across 233 variants over 20 rounds. Statistical analysis revealed that sulfur-containing residues-cysteine and methionine-consistently enhanced activity when positioned adjacent to the coordination site. Notably, although sequence optimization began from random inputs, the algorithm quickly converged on cysteine-containing motifs, consistent with features found in natural oxidases. Thioether-containing methionine was also found to promote catalysis, extending the relevance of sulfur-based coordination beyond naturally occurring systems. These findings demonstrate the application of data-driven sequence design for developing tunable, enzyme-inspired catalysts with simplified architectures.

PMID:42068197 | DOI:10.1002/adma.202518756

J Psychopharmacol. 2026 May 2:2698811261443696. doi: 10.1177/02698811261443696. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Serotonergic psychedelics are being investigated in the treatment of various disorders and in the improvement of well-being. Evidence suggests that their subjective effects may play a role in long-term behavioral outcomes. The subjective effects are mediated by 5-HT_2A receptor agonism, but the 5-HT_1A receptor may also play a role in the subjective effects. This study elucidates the effects of 5-HT_1A receptor blockade using pindolol pre-treatment on the subjective effects induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT).

METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled within-subjects design, 12 (10 males, 2 females) experienced hallucinogen-using participants received a sub-hallucinogenic dose of intravenous DMT fumarate, 0.1 mg/kg, after pre-treatment with 30 mg oral racemic pindolol. Subjective effects were measured using the Hallucinogen Rating Scale.

RESULTS: Pindolol pre-treatment increased DMT-induced subjective effects with a moderate effect size (M = 0.514). Blood pressure and mean arterial pressure also increased with pindolol pre-treatment at 2 minutes following DMT administration, but heart rate was not affected.

CONCLUSIONS: 5-HT_1A receptor blockade results in a global intensification of DMT-induced subjective effects, suggesting a functional role of 5-HT_1A receptor action in the mechanism of psychedelic-induced subjective effects.

PMID:42068196 | DOI:10.1177/02698811261443696

J Interpers Violence. 2026 May 2:8862605261441201. doi: 10.1177/08862605261441201. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Intimate partner violence (IPV) represents a public health crisis in the United States. Experiencing IPV is associated with various adverse health outcomes and injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Improving screening and care for individuals affected by concurrent IPV and traumatic brain injury (IPV-TBI) requires understanding its incidence, sociodemographics, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. Using standardized multicenter data from the US National Trauma Data Bank years 2018 to 2022, this study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) What is the incidence of IPV-TBI among female patients treated for TBI at US trauma facilities? (b) Are there sociodemographic and clinical differences between female IPV-TBI and female non-IPV-TBI patients? (c) What hospital outcomes (length of stay [LOS], emergency department discharge disposition, hospital discharge disposition) are associated with IPV-TBI, based on TBI severity. Statistical differences were examined using Welch’s t-test and analysis of variance, Pearson’s chi-squared test with post hoc Bonferroni-corrected z-tests, and multivariate logistic and linear regressions. Our findings indicate that most female trauma center patients with assault-related TBI experienced IPV (76.8%), often inflicted by male partners (97.9%). Compared to those with non-IPV TBI, IPV survivors who experienced TBI were younger (mean 37.9 ± 12.5 years vs. non-IPV: 48.0 ± 12.4; p < .001) and more commonly insured by Medicaid (47.0% vs. 36.5%, p < .001). IPV-TBI was associated with significantly higher odds of discharge to home in female patients (aOR = 1.31 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.69]), and IPV-TBI patients were likely to have shorter hospital LOS than those with TBI from non-IPV assault (4.3 ± 6.8 days vs. 5.9 ± 9.8; p < .001). Our findings underscore the critical importance of screening TBI patients for IPV, given that the social and medicolegal contexts surrounding their injury and recovery may be substantially different from TBI patients without IPV, and being discharged home may present significant safety risks.

PMID:42068181 | DOI:10.1177/08862605261441201

J Nurs Scholarsh. 2026 May;58(3):e70096. doi: 10.1111/jnu.70096.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a global priority, as adverse events represent the 14th leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the most common complications in hospitalized adults are functional decline, pressure injuries, and falls, all of which increase hospital stays, healthcare costs, and mortality. Although these risks are typically assessed independently, their interaction has been scarcely explored, and the identification of integrated patient risk profiles could better guide nursing care.

OBJECTIVE: To establish profiles of adult inpatients based simultaneously on their level of functional capacity, risk of pressure injuries, and risk of falls.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2.666 patients were admitted to adult inpatient units in a Spanish hospital.

METHODS: Data from the Barthel, Braden, and Downton scales collected within 24 h of admission were analyzed. A hierarchical cluster analysis followed by the k-means method was used to classify patients. Relationship between profiles and clinical variables were explored through multiple correspondence analysis, and predictors for each profile were identified using multinomial logistic regression.

RESULTS: Three patient profiles were identified: profile 1 (low risk), minor dependency, low risk of pressure injuries and falls (68.5%); profile 2 (moderate risk), moderate dependency and intermediate risk (15.4%); and profile 3 (high risk), severe dependency with high risk of pressure injuries and falls (16.1%). Older age, female sex, and higher comorbidity were significantly associated with higher-risk profiles (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized adults can be reliably classified into risk profiles based on functional capacity and the risk of pressure injuries and falls.

IMPLICATIONS: The identification of combined risk profiles may potentially guide nursing strategies to enhance patient safety, support individualized care planning, and contribute to optimizing resource distribution in hospital settings.

IMPACT: Loss of functional capacity, pressure injuries, and falls are key nursing-sensitive indicators of care quality. Profile-based stratification offers a new framework for personalized, data-driven, and safety-oriented nursing care.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The identification of integrated risk profiles based on functional capacity, pressure injury risk, and fall risk may support more comprehensive nursing assessment in hospitalized adults. These profiles may help inform care prioritization, facilitate early identification of vulnerable patients, and contribute to more efficient allocation of nursing resources. Incorporating multidimensional risk stratification into clinical practice may enhance coordinated and patient-centered care planning.

PMID:42068180 | DOI:10.1111/jnu.70096