Category: Nevin Manimala

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2022 Jul;30(4):574-579. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-4-574-579.

ABSTRACT

The problem of preserving health of students is of great public importance. In assessing state of health and morphofunctional state of human body, the most important aspect is level of physical development. The purpose of the study is to investigate indices of physical development of students of medical university and to implement their comparative evaluation. The assessment was carried out concerning physical development of students of the Pacific State Medical University (238 girls and 57 boys) in 2020, including anthropometric measurements, calculation of BMI and Pignet index. The factor analysis was performed. It was established that anthropometric indices of male and female students had statistically significant differences. The BMI assessment of students demonstrated that overweight and obesity more often observed in boys, as underweight in girls (p=0,026). The analysis of strength index of students physique established that insufficient development of skeletal muscles, requiring correction, was detected in 58,4% of girls and 33,3% of boys. The factor analysis of complex of factors determined that most completely explained relationship between criteria for physical development of students (p<0,001).

PMID:35960286 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-4-574-579

Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2022 Jul;30(4):531-536. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-4-531-536.

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to evaluate the dynamics of monthly numbers of cases, deaths, tests and case fatality ratio worldwide during three phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: Twenty-three sets of databases, dated the 22nd of each month from January 2020 to November 2021, for 213 countries were collected from the Worldometer website. The number of cases, deaths, tests, case fatality ratio, infection fatality ratio, etc. were counted for various periods of time for each of the 213 countries, then the results related to different periods of time were compared. The analysis of main epidemiological parameters resulted in division of three phases of the global pandemic evolution. The first phase (23.01.20-22.07.20), the second phase (23.07.20-22.01.21) and the third phase (23.01.21-22.07.21) were different in terms of the number of tests performed, new cases and mortality due to COVID-19. By the end of second phase, the worldwide statistics indicated end of the pandemic, but the third phase was characterized by sudden rise in number of new cases and deaths. The most dramatic evolution of epidemic curve occurred in the countries where physicians had successfully confronted COVID-19 during the first two phases of the pandemic. Despite the decrease in the overall numbers deaths during the latest months analyzed, additional study is necessary to identify causes of new cases and deaths during the third phase of the pandemic. It can be suggested that preventive and therapeutic protocols should be changed from the ‘standard’ to ‘personalized’ types.

PMID:35960278 | DOI:10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-4-531-536

Mikrobiyol Bul. 2022 Jul;56(3):480-492. doi: 10.5578/mb.20229708.

ABSTRACT

For limiting the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the effects on both humoral and cellular immune responses due to vaccines and previous infection should be taken into consideration. In some of the studies about the humoral immune response of the virus and different vaccines, it has been suggested that there can be a discordance between cellular and humoral immune responses during COVID-19 infection. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of humoral and cellular immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens in three groups of healthcare workers (HCWs) who were vaccinated with two doses of inactivated virus vaccine (CoronaVac), non-vaccinated and recovered COVID-19 infection and non-infected healthy controls by comparing the variables of gender and age and to examine the relationships between them. In this study, the antibody recognizing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) glycoprotein (IgG-S), nucleocapsid protein (IgG-N) of SARS CoV-2 and Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) titres were determined among non-infected and vaccinated with two doses of inactivated virus vaccine (IVV) (n= 56, 1st group: 27 men, 29 women), non-vaccinated and COVID-19 convalescents (CG) (n= 41; 2nd group: 21 men, 20 women) and non-vaccinated and non-infected healthy controls (HCG) (n= 23, 3rd group: 10 men, 13 women) in 120 HCWs. Diagnosis of all the participants in COVID-19 CG was confirmed for SARS CoV2 infection with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test according to manufacturer’s instruction (Bio-speedy® SARS CoV-2 Double Gene RT-qPCR, Bioeksen R and D Technologies, Turkey). IgG-S and IgG-N antibody levels were determined quantitatively by Abbott Architect i2000 (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA) system. (Qiagen, MD, USA). IFN-γ levels were determined by using the QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 Starter Blood Collection Tubes (Qiagen, MD, USA). All statistical data analysis were conducted using SPSS (version 22, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Student’s independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for the differences between bivariate groups and Spearman Rank correlation was used to evaluate the monotonic relationship between nonnormally distributed data sets. Spearman rho > 0.7 denotes high, 0.7 > rho > 0.5 moderate and rho > 0.05 was considered as significant. For each of the immunity parameters, there were no significant differences between males and females in the IVV group, as well as in the CG. In neither of the groups age and immunity parameters were found to be highly correlated. All three immunity parameters of males in CG and IVV groups significantly differed from each other. Although humoral immunity parameters of females between CG and IVV groups did not show any significant difference, the IFN-γ titres significantly differed from each other. There were no significant differences in the IgG-S titres between CG and IVV combined gender groups. However, IgG-N and IFN-γ titres significantly differed from each other between CG and IVV groups. Antibody and particularly IFN-γ levels in two dose CoronaVac vaccinated group were less pronounced in comparison to the observed responses in COVID-19 convalescents group, indicating that CoronaVac may induce substantially less robust and persistent cellular and humoral responses than natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.

PMID:35960239 | DOI:10.5578/mb.20229708

Mikrobiyol Bul. 2022 Jul;56(3):466-479. doi: 10.5578/mb.20229707.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this single-center retrospective study was to determine the changes in the burden of allcause pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia and empyema in children aged 0-18 years after the availability of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) in our country. Children aged 0-18 years who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of pneumonia and treated in Ankara between January 1, 2006 and December 30, 2019 were included in the study. The burden of disease according to the years was calculated as follows: after determining the number of patients with all-cause pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia and the empyema who were admitted to the pediatric infectious diseases service, we divided those numbers to admission numbers to all outpatient clinics in that year as the ratio in 100 000. The years 2006-2007 were accepted as pre-vaccine period, 2009-2010 as PCV7 period and 2012-2019 as PCV13 period. As 2008 and 2011 were the years when PCV7 and PCV13 vaccines implemented into the routine vaccination schedule, they were accepted as transition years and the patient data from these years were not used. All of the patients data were obtained from the patient files. There was a significant decrease in the disease burden of all-cause pneumonia in 0-18 years age and 0-24 months age group after PCV13 period compared to PCV7 period (p<0.001 and p<0.001). A statistically significant decrease was found in all-cause pneumonia among children older than 60 months after PCV13 period compared to PCV7 period and pre-vaccine period (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). When pre-PCV13 (PCV7 and pre-vaccine periods together) and post-PCV13 periods were compared; in 0-18 years age, 0-24 months age and 24-60 months age groups, there was a significant decrease in the burden of disease due to all-cause pneumonia after PCV13 (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.05) period. When the bacterial pneumonia disease burden in PCV13 period was evaluated, bacterial pneumonia disease burden in 0-18 years and 0-24 months age group was found to be significantly lower than in both pre-vaccine and PCV7 periods (p<0.001 and p<0.001). After PCV13 vaccine, the disease burden due to bacterial pneumonia was found to be significantly lower in 0-18 years age, 0-24 months age and older than 60 months age groups compared to pre-PCV13 period (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01). When PCV7 and PCV13 periods were compared in 0-18 years age group, a significant decrease was found in hospitalizations due to empyema after PCV13 (p<0.05). In conclusion, PCV7 and PCV13 led to a significant reduction in the incidence of all-cause pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia in children.

PMID:35960238 | DOI:10.5578/mb.20229707

Mikrobiyol Bul. 2022 Jul;56(3):416-431. doi: 10.5578/mb.20229704.

ABSTRACT

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) turned into a pandemic shortly after emerging in December 2019, in the city of Wuhan, China. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the presence of severe acute respiratory system coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in various clinical samples and the scattering profile of the virus and the variation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibody levels over time in infected patients during and after the period of COVID-19 disease. The study included COVID-19 patients from the community (CCP) (n= 47) (May-June 2020) and healthcare workers (HCWP) (n= 30) (November-December 2020). To investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples, oropharynx (OF), nasopharynx (NF), sputum, stool, blood and urine samples were taken from the CCP group on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. For the detection of anti SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies serum samples were taken from the CCP group on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90 and 120 and on days 14, 28, 60, 90, 120 and 150 from HCWP group. Virus RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), anti SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), neutralizing antibody levels (NAb) by cell culture neutralization and representative neutralization test (sVNT) methods. With the onset of the vaccination program in our country, 11 of the HCWP group patients had SARS-CoV-2 vaccine after the second month serum samples were taken, the remaining HCWP group patients did not get vaccinated during the study period. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected with the highest rates in NF (100%), stool (65.8%), sputum (45.7%), OF (41.3%), blood (5.3%), and urine (2.2%) samples, respectively. It was found that viral shedding continued for 14 days in respiratory tract samples and up to 60 days in stool samples, and no virus was detected in blood samples after the third day. It was observed that the viral load was highest at the time of diagnosis in both upper and lower respiratory tract samples, peaking on the seventh day in stool samples and following an irregular course throughout the disease. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positivity was found in 41.4% of CCP group patients on the first day of diagnosis, and seroconversion was observed in all patients at the fourth month. During the study period, seropositivity was detected in only 82.1% of the patients in the HCWP group. It was observed that the IgG antibody levels peaked at the 7th day in the CCP group patients and at the third month in the HCWP group patients (S/Co: 9.6 and 2.8, respectively). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels detected in the CCP group were found to be significantly higher than the HCWP group (p<0.05). At the end of the first month, NAb was detected in all (100%) patients in the CCP group. It was found that NAb titers peaked (1/256) on the 28th day and showed a decreasing trend from the second month. NAb median titers were observed to peak earlier in the severe HCWP group (14 days in the severe group, 28 days in the mild group, p> 0.05). It was observed that 6 (26.1%) of HCWP group patients had low, 11 (47.8%) moderate, 6 (26.1%) high titers of representative NAb. The distribution of representative NAb levels by vaccine status was examined and no statistically significant difference was found (p= 0.400, p= 0.077 and p= 0.830, respectively). As a result; SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in many samples such as sputum, stool, blood and urine, and it was observed that viral shedding in stool samples could continue for months. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positivity was observed in most of the patients in the fourth month, and it was found that the antibody titers decreased after the third month. It was determined that protective antibody levels continued in the fourth month. These findings are important in vaccination strategies and in the fight against the pandemic. However, considering the emergence of new mutant forms of the virus in today’s conditions where the pandemic continues, more detailed and comprehensive studies are needed for viral shedding and antibody titer studies.

PMID:35960235 | DOI:10.5578/mb.20229704

J Periodontol. 2022 Aug 12. doi: 10.1002/JPER.22-0212. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to clinically and histologically compare the amount and quality of bone gained after lateral ridge augmentation (LRA) procedures performed using small (250-1000μm) versus large (1000-2000μm) particle size cortico-cancellous bone allografts at 6 months following surgical intervention.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: 22 patients, each presenting with ridge width less than 5mm were enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated to small (SP) and large particle (LP) size graft. The gain in ridge width at the level of the crest and 4mm apical to the crest was assessed via a standardized procedure before grafting and at time of implant placement, using a surgical caliper and a novel digital technique using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Six months following the procedure, trephine bone cores were taken from 19 augmented sites out of 17 patients (14/19 sites were in the posterior mandible) who completed the study for clinical, histologic and histomorphometric analysis.

RESULTS: 17 patients (19 sites) completed the study. LP size graft resulted in greater ridge width gain at the level of the crest (LP, 5.1 ± 1.7; SP, 3.7 ± 1.3 mm; p = 0.0642) and 4mm apical to the crest (LP, 5.9 ± 2.2; SP, 5.1 ± 1.8 mm; p = 0.4480) compared with the SP. No statistical significance for the bone density at the time of implant placement (p = 1.00) was found. Vital bone formation was more extensive in the SP compared with the LP 41.0 ± 10.1% vs 31.4 ± 14.8%, respectively (p = 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The results of the present article show a trend of higher ridge gain using LP during bone augmentation procedure. Future research with bigger sample size should confirm the results of the present article. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:35959712 | DOI:10.1002/JPER.22-0212

Hypertension. 2022 Aug 12:101161HYPERTENSIONAHA12219685. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19685. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The development of automated, smartphone application (app)-assisted home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) allows for standardized measurement of blood pressure (BP) at home. The aim of this study was to evaluate the (diagnostic) agreement between app-assisted HBPM, automated office BP (OBP), and the reference standard 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM).

METHODS: In this open randomized 5-way cross-over study, patients diagnosed with hypertension were randomized to one of 10 clusters, each containing 5 BP measurement methods (ABPM, HBPM, attended OBP, unattended OBP, and unattended 30-minute BP) in different order.

RESULTS: In total, 113 patients were included. The average 24-hour ABPM was 126±11/73±8 mm Hg compared with 141±14/82±10 mm Hg with app-assisted HBPM, 134±13/80±9 mm Hg with unattended 30-minute BP, 137±16/81±11 mm Hg with attended OBP, and 135±15/81±10 mm Hg with unattended OBP monitoring. Diagnostic agreement between app-assisted HBPM and 24-hour ABPM for diagnosing sustained (OBP >140/90 mm Hg and ABPM ≥130/80 mm Hg or HBPM ≥135/85 mm Hg), white-coat (OBP ≥140/90 mm Hg and ABPM <130/80 mm Hg or HBPM <135/85 mm Hg), and masked hypertension (OBP <140/90 mm Hg and ABPM ≥130/80 mm Hg or HBPM ≥135/85 mm Hg) was fair-to-moderate (κ statistics ranging from 0.34 to 0.40). App-assisted HBPM had high sensitivities (78%-91%) and negative predictive values (90%-97%) for diagnosing sustained and masked hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a considerable (diagnostic) disagreement between app-assisted HBPM and ABPM. App-assisted HBPM had high sensitivity in the diagnosis of sustained and masked hypertension and may, therefore, be used as complementary to, but not a replacement of, ABPM.

PMID:35959685 | DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19685

East Mediterr Health J. 2022 Jul 31;28(7):532-538. doi: 10.26719/emhj.22.054.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Algeria has undertaken several actions and devoted various resources to improve mental health services in the prevention and management of mental disorders. Indeed, the increase in mental disorders and the demand for care make mental health a major social issue.

AIMS: To present an inventory of the mental disorders in Algeria, describe the state of mental health structures and resources as well as the current state of psychiatry as the main device of treatment and support.

METHODS: We carried out a descriptive analysis of the data generated from national surveys on the state of health of Algerians, as well as those obtained from various reports and censuses of the population and hospital statistics.

RESULTS: The few surveys that have been carried out to date have all highlighted the increasing prevalence of mental disorders and the increased demand for mental health care. However, the coverage of mental disorders and the supply of care remain insufficient and unevenly distributed, at the level of reception structures, human resources and, above all, legislation.

CONCLUSION: This analysis showed that despite the efforts made in terms of structures, resources and legislation, mental health in Algeria deserves more attention in public health policies.

PMID:35959669 | DOI:10.26719/emhj.22.054

Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2022 Aug 12:101161CIRCOUTCOMES121008635. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008635. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The utility of quality dashboards to inform decision-making and improve clinical outcomes is tightly linked to the accuracy of the information they provide and, in turn, accuracy of underlying prediction models. Despite recognition of the need to update prediction models to maintain accuracy over time, there is limited guidance on updating strategies. We compare predefined and surveillance-based updating strategies applied to a model supporting quality evaluations among US veterans.

METHODS: We evaluated the performance of a US Department of Veterans Affairs-specific model for postcardiac catheterization acute kidney injury using routinely collected observational data over the 6 years following model development (n=90 295 procedures in 2013-2019). Predicted probabilities were generated from the original model, an annually retrained model, and a surveillance-based approach that monitored performance to inform the timing and method of updates. We evaluated how updating the national model impacted regional quality profiles. We compared observed-to-expected outcome ratios, where values above and below 1 indicated more and fewer adverse outcomes than expected, respectively.

RESULTS: The original model overpredicted risk at the national level (observed-to-expected outcome ratio, 0.75 [0.74-0.77]). Annual retraining updated the model 5×; surveillance-based updating retrained once and recalibrated twice. While both strategies improved performance, the surveillance-based approach provided superior calibration (observed-to-expected outcome ratio, 1.01 [0.99-1.03] versus 0.94 [0.92-0.96]). Overprediction by the original model led to optimistic quality assessments, incorrectly indicating most of the US Department of Veterans Affairs’ 18 regions observed fewer acute kidney injury events than predicted. Both updating strategies revealed 16 regions performed as expected and 2 regions increasingly underperformed, having more acute kidney injury events than predicted.

CONCLUSIONS: Miscalibrated clinical prediction models provide inaccurate pictures of performance across clinical units, and degrading calibration further complicates our understanding of quality. Updating strategies tailored to health system needs and capacity should be incorporated into model implementation plans to promote the utility and longevity of quality reporting tools.

PMID:35959674 | DOI:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.008635

East Mediterr Health J. 2022 Jul 31;28(7):498-505. doi: 10.26719/emhj.22.052.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Global polio eradication is a goal yet to be achieved in countries like Pakistan. In recent years, the Polio Eradication Initiative has been making steady progress with good campaign coverage and low numbers of polio cases. However, in 2019 Pakistan reported 146 cases compared to 12 in 2018. A major factor cited for this regression was a surge in vaccine refusals by parents and caretakers.

AIMS: To assess the reasons for the refusal of polio vaccination in Quetta Block, Balochistan.

METHODS: The study was conducted using data acquired from 2 polio vaccination campaigns over 3 months in 2019. The data were collected in Quetta Block, a highly endemic zone having continuous transmission of the polio virus over several years. The data were analysed using the statistical software, SPSS, version 20. We used descriptive statistics to demonstrate the characteristics of the study population. Categorical variables were measured as frequencies and percentages.

RESULTS: Refusal rates were almost 8.6% for the polio campaign of April and 8.1% for June 2019. Misconceptions about vaccines made up 56.4% of reasons for refusals, followed by religion 16%.

CONCLUSION: Misconceptions about the vaccine are the main driving force behind vaccine refusals in the study setting. Efficient strategies are required to address misconceptions in this red zone of poliovirus transmission in Balochistan.

PMID:35959665 | DOI:10.26719/emhj.22.052