Category: Nevin Manimala

Neurol India. 2023 Jan-Feb;71(1):44-48. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.370484.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Superior turbinate manipulation is often required in cases of narrow cavities and expanded endonasal approaches with concern for olfaction. The objective of the study was to compare the pre- and postoperative olfactory function in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary excision with and without superior turbinectomy, using the Pocket Smell Identification Test and the quality of life (QOL) and Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) scores, irrespective of the extension (Knosp grading) of pituitary tumors. We also aimed to identify olfactory neurons in the excised superior turbinate with immunohistochemical (IHC) stains and correlate them with clinical findings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a prospective, randomized study performed in a tertiary center. Two groups A and B, with superior turbinate preserved and resected, respectively, during endoscopic pituitary resection, were compared using pre- and postoperative Pocket Smell Identification Test and QOL and SNOT-22 scores. The superior turbinate was subjected to IHC staining to identify the presence of olfactory neurons in patients with tumors of pituitary gland requiring endoscopic trans-sphenoid resection.

RESULTS: Fifty patients with sellar tumors were enrolled. The mean age of patients in this study was 46.15 years. The minimum age was 18 years and the maximum was 75 years. Of the 50 patients in the study, 18 were female and 32 were male. Eleven patients had more than one presenting complaint. Loss of vision was the commonest and altered sensorium was the rarest symptom.

CONCLUSION: Superior turbinectomy is a viable option to gain wider access to sella without affecting the sinonasal function, quality of life, and olfaction. There was doubtful presence of olfactory neurons in superior turbinate. The extent of tumor resection and postoperative complications were unaffected and statistically nonsignificant in both the groups.

PMID:36861573 | DOI:10.4103/0028-3886.370484

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):453-458. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_398_22.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Pit and fissure sealing is an evidence-based preventive measure against dental caries, especially in primary teeth which possess high caries risk, and to give the required benefits of the sealant, a good adaptation, and sealing ability should be present.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess and compare the microleakage score of Ionoseal^® pit and fissure sealant, when used either alone or with prior surface treatment of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er: YAG) laser, acid etching, or their combination, in primary teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty healthy human molar teeth were randomly chosen and allocated into four study groups according to the surface pretreatment: group I, no surface pretreatment; Group II, 2W Er: YAG laser etching, Group III, combined laser etching and acid etching group, and Group IV, 37% phosphoric acid etching. After surface pretreatment procedures were conducted, the teeth were sealed with Ionoseal^®. Subsequent microleakage was assessed through dye penetration under a stereomicroscope. One sample from each group was randomly selected, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out on the central slice of the three obtained slices of the samples.

RESULTS: Chi-square test revealed a high statistically significant difference between groups (P = 0.00). Similarly, all pairwise comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference. Group I showed the greatest mean of microleakage score (1.5), followed by Group IV (1.4), Group II (0.7), and Group III which showed the least microleakage score (0.6). These findings were supported by the SEM examination results.

CONCLUSIONS: Using Ionoseal with prior surface treatment by combined 2 W Er: YAG laser etching and 37% phosphoric acid etching can result in the best sealing ability which would significantly enhance the long-term success of pit and fissure sealing in primary teeth.

PMID:36861564 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_398_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):437-444. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_382_22.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Early childhood caries is a major health problem affecting children worldwide. Although incorrect feeding practices hold a prime position in the etiology, there are gaps in the literature pertaining to the physical properties of milk.

AIM: To assess the viscosity of human breast milk (HBM) versus infant milk formulae, with and without the addition of sweetening agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: All commercially available infant milk formulae (60 samples) and breast milk from 30 donor mothers were assessed for viscosity using Brookfield DV2T viscometer. The study period was from April 2019 to August 2019. Viscosity of infant milk formulae sweetened with sugar, honey, and brown sugar was further investigated and compared with that of HBM.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Inter-group and intra-group mean viscosity was compared using independent t-test and repeated-measures ANOVA.

RESULTS: Viscosity of HBM ranged from 18.36 centipoise (cP) to 91.30 cP, the mean viscosity being 45.7 cP. Viscosity values varied for each formula group, the least being as low as 5.1 cP and the highest being 89.3 cP. The mean viscosities of each group were in the range of 33 to 49 cP.

CONCLUSIONS: HBM was found to have a tendency toward higher viscosity than most of the infant milk formulae. Also, varied viscosity values were obtained when commonly used sweetening agents were added to infant milk formulae. Greater viscosity of HBM might increase its adherence to enamel surface leading to prolonged demineralization and potentially altering the caries risk, needs to be investigated further.

PMID:36861562 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_382_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):430-436. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_442_22.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), parents generally lack awareness about dental trauma emergency management. This preliminary study’s goal was to assess parents’/guardians’ awareness of the treatment of tooth fractures/avulsion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A preformed questionnaire in e-format was sent to parents of school-going children. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilks’s test were employed to test the normality of data. In addition, a Chi-square test was performed for quantitative variables. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: A response rate of 82.1% was achieved. Approximately 19.6% of parents reported dental injuries, with the majority (51.9%) occurring at home. In avulsion, 54.8% of parents believed that reinserting the tooth back into the socket was possible. For tooth fractures, 36.2% of parents believed that the fractured tooth could be glued. Tap water was preferred as a storage medium (43.3%). An insignificant association was observed with regard to storage media (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Inadequate understanding of the treatment of TDI by the primary caregiver leads to ineffective interventions at the scene of the accident and a poor prognosis for otherwise treatable cases.

PMID:36861561 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_442_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):417-422. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_414_22.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Emojis are used to communicate emotional content as conversational indicators. Emojis of human faces are unrivaled in communication since they can discern between several basic emotions with great precision while also being universal.

AIM: Assessment of children’s emotions before, during, and after the dental treatment procedure: An emoji-based study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 85 children, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years, were separated into four groups. Group 1 required local anesthetic for restoration, while Group 2 required extraction. Pulp treatment was in Group 3 and oral prophylaxis was in Group 4. All groups used an animated emoji scale (AES) to quantify anxiety before, during, and after the dental treatment procedure.

RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference when the mean scores of the four treatment groups were compared before, during, and after the procedure. When Group 2 was compared to Groups 1, 3, and 4 there was a statistically significant difference in the anxiety of the research participant before, during, and after the procedures (P = 0.01). Groups 2, 3, and 4 were statistically significant after the treatment procedure (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that the AES can be a useful tool in tracking a patient’s emotions during the dental treatment procedure to initiate appropriate behavior management.

PMID:36861559 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_414_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):410-416. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_409_22.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Age estimation is an important approach in the field of forensics and medical sciences to assists in clinical practice, medico-legal cases, and in criminal cases of judicial punishment.

AIM: This study aim the applicability and comparison of four-teeth method and the alternate four-teeth method of Demirjian’s approach among the Varanasi population.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional prospective study on the population of Varanasi region children and adolescents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred and thirty-two panoramic images of children and adolescents (237 boys and 195 girls) aged 3-16 years, from the population of Varanasi region oriental was assessed using the four-teeth method and the alternate four-teeth method of Demirjian’s approach, for the estimation of dental age.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Pearson’s two tailed test was applied to establish the correlation between chronological age and estimated dental age and Paired t-test was applied to check the statistical significance between mean chronological age and mean estimated dental age.

RESULTS: The dental age of boys was overestimated by 0.39 ± 1.15 years (P < 0.001) and dental age was underestimated by – 0.34 ± 1.15 years (P < 0.001) among girls using the Demirjian’s four teeth method. According to Demirjian’s alternate four teeth method, the sample of boys overestimated the dental age by 0.76 ± 1.00 years (P < 0.001) with the statistically significant difference. While the sample of the girls had negligible overestimation of 0.04 ± 1.03 years (P = 0.580) with no statistically significant difference.

CONCLUSION: Demirjian’s four teeth method is better to estimate dental age in boys, whereas Demirjian’s alternate four teeth method in girls of Varanasi region.

PMID:36861558 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_409_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):404-409. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_439_22.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Placement of intraoral appliances such as space maintainers (SMs) may be associated with the alteration of microbial and nonmicrobial parameters of saliva which may lead to the initiation of incipient caries.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the changes in salivary flow rate, pH, and Streptococcus mutans levels in children undergoing fixed and removable SM therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study participants comprised 40 children aged 4-10 years divided into two groups of 20 each. Children undergoing fixed (Group I = 20) and removable SM therapy (Group II = 20). Salivary flow rate, pH, and S. mutans levels were recorded just before and 3 months after the placement of SMs. Data were compared for both groups.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: It was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. The level of significance was kept at 5%.

RESULTS: A significant increase in salivary flow rate (<0.05) and S. mutans level (<0.05) was evident, however, no significant difference in pH was found in both the groups from baseline to 3 months after appliance placement. Group I showed a significant increase (<0.05) in S. mutans level as compared to Group II.

CONCLUSION: SM therapy allied both favorable and unfavorable changes in salivary parameters, thus emphasizing the importance of parent and patient education about maintaining proper oral hygiene during SM therapy.

PMID:36861557 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_439_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):398-403. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_204_22.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: To overcome some of the disadvantages of the current primary root canal obturating materials, there is a continued interest in search for chemical compounds with broader and more effective antibacterial action and less cytotoxicity.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate and compare in vivo the clinical and radiographic success of mixtures of zinc oxide-Ocimum sanctum extract, zinc oxide-ozonated oil, and zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) as obturating materials in pulpectomy of primary molars.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was an in vivo randomized controlled clinical trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety primary molars selected were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was obturated with zinc oxide-O. sanctum extract, Group B with zinc oxide-ozonated oil, and Group C with ZOE. All the groups were evaluated for success or failure based on clinical and radiographic criteria at the end of 1, 6, and 12 months.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the first and the second co-investigators was calculated by Cohen’s kappa statistic. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test, P ≤ 0.05 (indicates statistical significance).

RESULTS: By the end of 12 months, the overall clinical success rate was 88%, 95.7%, and 90.9% in Groups A, B, and C, respectively; whereas the radiographic success rate was found to be 80%, 91.3%, and 86.4% in Groups A, B, and C, respectively.

CONCLUSION: On the basis of the overall success rates of all the three obturating materials, the following order of performance can be concluded: zinc oxide-ozonated oil > ZOE > zinc oxide-O. sanctum extract.

PMID:36861556 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_204_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):377-382. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_239_22.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Caries management in the modern era has shifted away from the traditional surgical method toward a medical paradigm, which often includes fluoride therapy. Fluoride used in various forms has been proven to be effective in dental caries prevention. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish are effective in arresting caries in primary molars.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 38% SDF and 5% NaF varnish in arresting caries in primary molars.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This study was a split-mouth randomized controlled trial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The randomized controlled trial comprised 34 children aged 6-9 years with teeth having caries in both right and left primary molars without pulpal involvement. Teeth were randomly allocated into two groups. In Group 1 (n = 34), 38% SDF + potassium iodide was applied and in Group 2 (n = 34), 5% NaF varnish was applied. The second application was done after 6 months in both groups. Children were recalled at 6- and 12-month intervals and evaluated for caries arrest.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi-square test was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS: Caries arresting potential was found to be higher in the SDF group compared to the NaF varnish group at both 6-month (SDF – 82% and NaF varnish – 45%) and 12-month intervals (SDF – 77% and NaF varnish – 42%) and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively).

CONCLUSION: SDF was more effective in arresting dental caries in primary molars compared to 5% NaF varnish.

PMID:36861553 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_239_22

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2022 Oct-Dec;40(4):368-376. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_27_23.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) affects about 14% of the population. MIH may lead to enamel breakdown, early tooth decay and is known to cause sensitivity, pain, discomfort, etc., Despite several studies reporting impacts of MIH on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children; no systematic review has been reported till date.

OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed at assessing the impact of MIH on OHRQoL.

SEARCH METHODS: Two researchers, Ashwin Muralidhar Jawdekar and Shamika Ramchandra Kamath, independently searched articles using appropriate keyword combinations in three search engines – PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar and conflicts, if any were resolved by Swati Jagannath Kale. Studies either reported in English or complete translations available in English were selected.

SELECTION CRITERIA: Observational studies on otherwise healthy 6-18-year-old children were considered. Interventional studies were included only to collect the baseline (observational) data.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: From 52 studies, a total of 13 studies could be included in the systematic review and 8 in meta-analysis. Total scores of OHRQoL measures reported in the child perceptions questionnaire (CPQ) 8-10, CPQ 11-14, and parental-caregiver perception questionnaire (P-CPQ) scales were used as variables.

MAIN RESULTS: Five studies (2112 subjects) showed an impact on OHRQoL (CPQ); the pooled risk ratio (RR) confidence interval (CI) were 24.70 (13.93-35.47), showing statistically significant value (P < 0.001). The Three studies (811 participants) showed an impact on OHRQoL (P-CPQ); the pooled RR (CI) was 16.992 (5.119, 28.865) showing statistically significant value (P < 0.001). Heterogeneity (I²) was high (99.6% and 99.2%); hence, random effect model was used. Sensitivity analysis of two studies (310 subjects) showed impact on OHRQoL (P-CPQ); the pooled RR (CI) was 22.124 (20.382, 23.866) showing statistically significant value (P < 0.001); the heterogeneity was low (I² = 0.0). The risk of bias across studies assessed using the appraisal tool for cross sectional studies tool was found to be moderate. The reporting bias assessed using the dispersion on the funnel plot was found to be minimal.

AUTHORS’ CONCLUSIONS: Children with MIH are about 17-25 times more likely to have impacts on the OHRQoL compared to children with no MIH. Evidence is of low quality due to high heterogeneity. The risk of bias was moderate and publication bias was low.

PMID:36861552 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_27_23