Category: Nevin Manimala

J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2022 Feb 7;63:102641. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102641. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In motor control studies, the F-wave (a recurrent discharge evoked by an axonal antidromic volley) widely used for obtaining information on motoneuron pool behavior. However, such F-wave using is a matter of discussion and still has been not validated experimentally. The aim of the present study was investigation of F-wave properties of single firing motor units (MUs) in healthy humans, the properties, which could give evidence for F-wave origin in motoneuron soma and, therefore, could be used for estimation of a relation between MU firing and motoneuron firing behavior. In total, 91 MUs in five muscles of six healthy subjects, during gentle voluntary contractions, were studied. Peri-stimulus time histograms of single MUs were plotted. None of them revealed statistically significant increasing in MU firing probability at the F-wave latency. Analysis of relationships between characteristics of motoneuron firing behavior (mean firing frequency and target interspike interval duration) and properties of F-waves showed their independence. At the same time, it was found that F-waves were recorded in MUs, whose axons possessed the marked supernormal period in excitability recovery cycle after a discharge. Thus, the present results are in contrast to that which should be expected if the F-wave originated in the motoneuronal soma and could provide evidence for motoneuron firing behavior.

PMID:35151066 | DOI:10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102641

Mar Pollut Bull. 2022 Feb 9;175:113390. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113390. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Sustainable management of groundwater needs comprehensive study on water quality in present scenario. Hence, an understanding on the hydro geochemistry, saltwater intrusion, spatiotemporal-seasonal variations and irrigational suitability of groundwater becomes a must, especially in coastal regions. Our study area is one such place where all the parameters play a major role against sustainable management. The study pointed out that majority of the samples is brackish with two notable geochemical facies for pre monsoon and post monsoon. Factor and cluster analyses revealed that EC, TDS, Na⁺, Cl^–, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ are the major contributors. Gibb’s diagram supported the dominance of rock weathering and evaporation in controlling the groundwater chemistry. Sea water intrusion was mapped using HFE diagrams and the Irrigational suitability is studied using USSL, SAR, %Na, etc. The data and results from this study might provide crucial information to water management authorities in dealing groundwater scarcity and pollution problems.

PMID:35151074 | DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113390

J Clin Neurosci. 2022 Feb 9;98:96-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.01.032. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Growth of some pituitary tumors is driven by hormones which vary in concentration along the lines of patient socioeconomic status. Thus, pituitary tumors may exhibit disparities in incidence upon stratification by socioeconomic variables. Exploring for these disparities could provide direction in tumor etiology elucidation and identification of healthcare inequalities.

METHODS: To investigate pituitary adenoma and carcinoma incidence (per 100,000) with respect to sex, age, income, residence, and race/ethnicity, we searched the largest American administrative dataset (1997-2016), the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS), which surveys 20% of United States (US) discharges.

RESULTS: Annual national incidence was 2.80 for adenomas and 0.046 for carcinomas. For adenomas, males had an incidence of 2.63, similar (p = 0.17) to females at 2.78; likewise, for carcinomas, males had a statistically equivalent (p = 0.24) incidence at 0.051 to females at 0.041. Amongst age groups, for adenomas incidence progressively rose, peaking 65-84 years old (6.12), before declining. For adenomas and carcinomas respectively, patients with low income had an incidence of 2.66 and 0.044, similar (p = 0.11; p = 0.72) to the 3.01 and 0.041 of middle/high income patients. Incidence was greatest for adenomas amongst urban centers (3.47), followed by rural (3.16) and suburban (3.01) communities. Examining race/ethnicity (p = 0.0000016), for adenomas, incidences amongst Blacks, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, and Whites were as follows, respectively: 3.64, 2.57, 2.54, 2.44. Annually, incidence for adenomas was increasing (τ = 0.63, p = 0.00021), but decreasing (τ = -0.60, p = 0.00085) for carcinomas. Specifically, for carcinomas incidence was only decreasing for females and the middle/high income.

CONCLUSION: In the US, time-enduring healthcare disparities were identified for pituitary adenomas and carcinomas, against the background of sociodemographic strata. For carcinomas, annual incidence was declining only for middle/high income patients and females, which supporting prior investigations that low income patients and males are experiencing barriers to definitive treatment for pituitary adenomas. Incidence was also found to be greatest Blacks and urban residents.

PMID:35151063 | DOI:10.1016/j.jocn.2022.01.032

Arch Oral Biol. 2022 Feb 3;135:105368. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105368. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether tea infusions with or without sucrose supplementation alter oral biofilm development, so we evaluated the effect of unsweetened and sucrose-sweetened black and green tea infusions on in vitro saliva-derived biofilms.

DESIGN: Biofilms were developed from human saliva for 20 h in cell-free 25% human saliva within static glass-bottom microplates. During biofilm development, biofilms were treated with either (i) unsweetened black tea, (ii) unsweetened green tea, (iii) 10% sucrose-sweetened black tea, (iv) 10% sucrose-sweetened green tea (v) deionized water (negative control), or (vi) 10% sucrose (positive control). Biofilms were incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO₂. After 20 h of development, biofilms were imaged using a CLSM, and biofilm architecture and viability were evaluated.

RESULTS: All the tea infusions reduced biofilm biomass and altered some other biofilm architectural outcomes (e.g., biofilm surface area) compared to the control groups. Statistically significant differences in biofilm biomass, number of objects, surface area, and convex-hull porosity were observed between biofilms treated with green and black tea. The addition of sugar to tea did not significantly modify the ability of tea to alter biofilm architecture. Only the treatment of biofilms with unsweetened black tea significantly reduced bacterial viability.

CONCLUSIONS: While both teas reduced biofilm biomass and altered biofilm architecture, black tea had an enhanced effect that may relate to this tea’s observed antimicrobial activity. The addition of sucrose to tea infusions did not appear to reduce the impact of either tea in modifying oral biofilm architecture.

PMID:35151028 | DOI:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105368

Neuroimage Clin. 2022 Feb 7;33:102956. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102956. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Rolandic epilepsy is the most common form of epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by sleep-potentiated inferior Rolandic epileptiform spikes, seizures, and cognitive deficits in school-age children that spontaneously resolve by adolescence. We recently identified a paucity of sleep spindles, physiological thalamocortical rhythms associated with sleep-dependent learning, in the Rolandic cortex during the active phase of this disease. Because spindles are generated in the thalamus and amplified through regional thalamocortical circuits, we hypothesized that: 1) deficits in spindle rate would involve but extend beyond the inferior Rolandic cortex in active epilepsy and 2) regional spindle deficits would better predict cognitive function than inferior Rolandic spindle deficits alone. To test these hypotheses, we obtained high-resolution MRI, high-density EEG recordings, and focused neuropsychological assessments in children with Rolandic epilepsy during active (n = 8, age 9-14.7 years, 3F) and resolved (seizure free for > 1 year, n = 10, age 10.3-16.7 years, 1F) stages of disease and age-matched controls (n = 8, age 8.9-14.5 years, 5F). Using a validated spindle detector applied to estimates of electrical source activity in 31 cortical regions, including the inferior Rolandic cortex, during stages 2 and 3 of non-rapid eye movement sleep, we compared spindle rates in each cortical region across groups. Among detected spindles, we compared spindle features (power, duration, coherence, bilateral synchrony) between groups. We then used regression models to examine the relationship between spindle rate and cognitive function (fine motor dexterity, phonological processing, attention, and intelligence, and a global measure of all functions). We found that spindle rate was reduced in the inferior Rolandic cortices in active but not resolved disease (active P = 0.007; resolved P = 0.2) compared to controls. Spindles in this region were less synchronous between hemispheres in the active group (P = 0.005; resolved P = 0.1) compared to controls; but there were no differences in spindle power, duration, or coherence between groups. Compared to controls, spindle rate in the active group was also reduced in the prefrontal, insular, superior temporal, and posterior parietal regions (i.e., “regional spindle rate”, P < 0.039 for all). Independent of group, regional spindle rate positively correlated with fine motor dexterity (P < 1e-3), attention (P = 0.02), intelligence (P = 0.04), and global cognitive performance (P < 1e-4). Compared to the inferior Rolandic spindle rate alone, models including regional spindle rate trended to improve prediction of global cognitive performance (P = 0.052), and markedly improved prediction of fine motor dexterity (P = 0.006). These results identify a spindle disruption in Rolandic epilepsy that extends beyond the epileptic cortex and a potential mechanistic explanation for the broad cognitive deficits that can be observed in this epileptic encephalopathy.

PMID:35151039 | DOI:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102956

Neural Netw. 2022 Feb 1;148:194-205. doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2022.01.016. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

High quality end-to-end speech translation model relies on a large scale of speech-to-text training data, which is usually scarce or even unavailable for some low-resource language pairs. To overcome this, we propose a target-side data augmentation method for low-resource language speech translation. In particular, we first generate large-scale target-side paraphrases based on a paraphrase generation model which incorporates several statistical machine translation (SMT) features and the commonly used recurrent neural network (RNN) feature. Then, a filtering model which consists of semantic similarity and speech-word pair co-occurrence was proposed to select the highest scoring source speech-target paraphrase pairs from candidates. Experimental results on English, Arabic, German, Latvian, Estonian, Slovenian and Swedish paraphrase generation show that the proposed method achieves significant and consistent improvements over several strong baseline models on PPDB datasets (http://paraphrase.org/). To introduce the results of paraphrase generation into the low-resource speech translation, we propose two strategies: audio-text pairs recombination and multiple references training. Experimental results show that the speech translation models trained on new audio-text datasets which combines the paraphrase generation results lead to substantial improvements over baselines, especially on low-resource languages.

PMID:35151006 | DOI:10.1016/j.neunet.2022.01.016

J Pak Med Assoc. 2021 Dec;71(12):2794-2798. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.01-1351.

ABSTRACT

Competency in referral writing skill is needed by doctors for which they are not adequately trained. Although there has been a lot of discussion on improvement of skills for writing consultation letters, still priority is not given to this important task. Ideally there should be a course with assessment for teaching and learning medical referral writing skills for students. Currently, there is no such tool to assess the way communication letters are written. An 18-point assessment scale has been developed through Delphi technique to improve the quality of referral letters. The objective of the present study was to design a structured Proforma for writing referrals, with the consensus of seven participants using Delphi. The place of study was Rawalpindi medical university and allied hospitals. Results were finalised after the acceptance of structured referral by selected participants through Delphi. The response rate was 70%. The validity and interrater reliability were calculated using SPSS25. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.7 and Kappa was 0.3. Both were statistically significant. The designed Proforma for writing referrals, with its interrater reliability calculated, seems effective for writing effective and structured referrals. The study further recommends training junior doctors in making effective referrals.

PMID:35150540 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.01-1351

Psychiatr Danub. 2021 Dec;33(Suppl 13):399-404.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: It is required to determine death anxiety of nursing students so that they who will become healthcare professionals can cope with the fast-spreading and high-mortality diseases such as COVID-19 infection upon graduation, can communicate with infected and dying patients, and can provide patients with the necessary support and care. The purpose of this study is to determine the death anxiety experienced by nursing students due to COVID-19, the related factors.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This descriptive and correlational study was completed between June and September 2020. The data were collected by using the Socio-demographic and COVID-19 Pandemic Information Form and Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). The student nurses who agreed to participate in the study were asked to fill out an online questionnaire that was sent by the researchers. The study was conducted with 115 nursing students.

RESULTS: The DAS mean scores of the nursing students were found to be 8.01±1.96. When the correlation between DAS scores of the nursing students and their knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19 pandemic was examined, it was determined that as their anxiety levels about transmission of coronavirus increased, DAS scores also increased (p=0.037). The scores of death anxiety scale decreased as the level of students’ attention to events other than coronavirus, their level of comforting themselves and their belief mentioning that they would heal if they catch coronavirus increased (p<0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between DAS scores and other knowledge and attitudes of nursing students regarding COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION: It would be an effective method to provide the training to nursing students, in order to change their negative attitudes and awareness towards COVID-19 related death anxiety and to improve their coping skills for death anxiety and help to reduce the burden of anxiety.

PMID:35150515

J Pak Med Assoc. 2021 Dec;71(12):2748-2754. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.1784.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyse outcomes of breast conservation surgery and to identify the factors that could have affected the outcomes.

METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised data of breast conservation surgery cases done between January 2011 and October 2014 in order to cover up for the 5-year follow-up of the last enrolled patient. Data, obtained through the institutional information and database system, included disease-recurrence, 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival. Data was statistically analysed using SPSS 20.

RESULTS: Of the 553 cases, 417(75%) had no loco-regional recurrence or distant metastasis, while 136(25%) had some form of loco-regional, distant or contralateral metastasis at 5-year follow-up. In patients who had recurrence or metastasis, only progesterone receptor status, nodal status and mode of treatment showed significant association (p<0.05). Mortality at 5-year follow-up was 77(14%). Amongst the patients who died, only progesterone receptor status and nodal status had significant association (p<0.05). Five-year overall survival for the cohort was 476(86%), whereas 5-year disease-free survival was 409(74%).

CONCLUSION: Breast conservation surgery was found to have favourable outcomes, while progesterone status, nodal involvement and mode of treatment significantly affected the outcome.

PMID:35150532 | DOI:10.47391/JPMA.1784

Psychiatr Danub. 2021 Dec;33(Suppl 13):357-363.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to compare the fear levels and sleep problems of nurses working in wards where patients with COVID-19 are hospitalized and nurses working in wards without COVID-19 patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional research was conducted on 211 nurses using a web-based online survey in Turkey (including 104 nurses working in wards where patients with COVID-19/107 nurses working in wards where patients without COVID-19).

RESULTS: When the COVID-19 Fear Scale mean scores of the nurses working in wards where patients with/without COVID-19 were compared, it was determined that the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). When the sleep problems experienced were compared according to the Post-Sleep Inventory, it was determined that the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was a moderately significant and positive correlation between the nurses’ mean scores for the COVID-19 Fear Scale and Post-Sleep Inventory.

CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that as the fear levels of nurses increased, they experienced more sleep problems.

PMID:35150509