Category: Statistics

BMC Psychol. 2025 Mar 3;13(1):185. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-02460-2.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although much is known about the positive effects of occupational calling on the career development of college students, relatively little is known about the antecedents of their occupational calling. The present aimed to examine how career success criteria predict college students’ occupational calling.

METHODS: This multi-wave study was conducted on 1366 undergraduates. Participants were selected using the convenience sampling technique. The data collection tools included a demographic information form, Career Success Criteria Scale, Spiritual Transcendence Scale, Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale, and Chinese Calling Scale, all of which were completed online. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS software and path analysis in Mplus software.

RESULTS: Intrinsic fulfillment criteria were positively related to occupational calling (b = 0.21, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001), whereas external compensation criteria were not related to occupational calling (b = -0.04, SE = 0.02, p = 0.08). The positive relationship between intrinsic fulfillment criteria and occupational calling was mediated by spiritual transcendence (b = 0.05, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.08]) and psychological needs satisfaction (b = 0.05, SE = 0.01, 95% CI = [0.03, 0.07]).

CONCLUSION: Career success criteria of intrinsic fulfillment criteria have positive effects on college students’ occupational calling. Based on the findings of this study, educators and counselors may leverage these findings to help college students foster their occupational calling that leads to true meaningfulness in work.

PMID:40033420 | DOI:10.1186/s40359-025-02460-2

BMC Psychol. 2025 Mar 3;13(1):185. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-02460-2.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although much is known about the positive effects of occupational calling on the career development of college students, relatively little is known about the antecedents of their occupational calling. The present aimed to examine how career success criteria predict college students’ occupational calling.

METHODS: This multi-wave study was conducted on 1366 undergraduates. Participants were selected using the convenience sampling technique. The data collection tools included a demographic information form, Career Success Criteria Scale, Spiritual Transcendence Scale, Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale, and Chinese Calling Scale, all of which were completed online. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS software and path analysis in Mplus software.

RESULTS: Intrinsic fulfillment criteria were positively related to occupational calling (b = 0.21, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001), whereas external compensation criteria were not related to occupational calling (b = -0.04, SE = 0.02, p = 0.08). The positive relationship between intrinsic fulfillment criteria and occupational calling was mediated by spiritual transcendence (b = 0.05, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.08]) and psychological needs satisfaction (b = 0.05, SE = 0.01, 95% CI = [0.03, 0.07]).

CONCLUSION: Career success criteria of intrinsic fulfillment criteria have positive effects on college students’ occupational calling. Based on the findings of this study, educators and counselors may leverage these findings to help college students foster their occupational calling that leads to true meaningfulness in work.

PMID:40033420 | DOI:10.1186/s40359-025-02460-2

Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2025 Mar 3;24(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12991-025-00551-3.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) experience constipation at significantly higher rates compared with the general population. This relationship suggests a potential genetic overlap between these two conditions.

METHODS: We analyzed genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for both SCZ and constipation using a five-part approach. The first and second parts assessed the overall and local genetic correlations using methods such as linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and heritability estimation from summary statistics (HESS). The third part investigated the causal association between the two traits using Mendelian randomization (MR). The fourth part employed conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (cond/conjFDR) to analyze the genetic overlap with different traits based on the statistical theory. Finally, an LDSC-specifically expressed gene (LDSC-SEG) analysis was conducted to explore the tissue-level associations.

RESULTS: Our analyses revealed both overall and specific genetic correlations between SCZ and constipation at the genomic level. The MR analysis suggests a positive causal relationship between SCZ and constipation. The ConjFDR analysis confirms the genetic overlap between the two conditions and identifies two genetic risk loci (rs7583622 and rs842766) and seven mapped genes (GPR75-ASB3, ASB3, CHAC2, ERLEC1, GPR75, PSME4, and ACYP2). Further investigation into the functions of these genes could provide valuable insights. Interestingly, disease-related tissue analysis revealed associations between SCZ and constipation in eight brain regions (substantia nigra, anterior cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, cortex, hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, and spinal cord).

CONCLUSION: This study provides the first genetic evidence for the comorbidity of SCZ and constipation, enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of both conditions.

PMID:40033405 | DOI:10.1186/s12991-025-00551-3

Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2025 Mar 3;24(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12991-025-00551-3.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) experience constipation at significantly higher rates compared with the general population. This relationship suggests a potential genetic overlap between these two conditions.

METHODS: We analyzed genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for both SCZ and constipation using a five-part approach. The first and second parts assessed the overall and local genetic correlations using methods such as linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and heritability estimation from summary statistics (HESS). The third part investigated the causal association between the two traits using Mendelian randomization (MR). The fourth part employed conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (cond/conjFDR) to analyze the genetic overlap with different traits based on the statistical theory. Finally, an LDSC-specifically expressed gene (LDSC-SEG) analysis was conducted to explore the tissue-level associations.

RESULTS: Our analyses revealed both overall and specific genetic correlations between SCZ and constipation at the genomic level. The MR analysis suggests a positive causal relationship between SCZ and constipation. The ConjFDR analysis confirms the genetic overlap between the two conditions and identifies two genetic risk loci (rs7583622 and rs842766) and seven mapped genes (GPR75-ASB3, ASB3, CHAC2, ERLEC1, GPR75, PSME4, and ACYP2). Further investigation into the functions of these genes could provide valuable insights. Interestingly, disease-related tissue analysis revealed associations between SCZ and constipation in eight brain regions (substantia nigra, anterior cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, cortex, hippocampus, cortex, amygdala, and spinal cord).

CONCLUSION: This study provides the first genetic evidence for the comorbidity of SCZ and constipation, enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of both conditions.

PMID:40033405 | DOI:10.1186/s12991-025-00551-3

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Mar 3;17(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01096-4.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Individuals with Down syndrome have severe difficulties maintaining proper postural control when standing upright. Therefore, the goal of the present review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of exercise interventions on improving postural control in individuals with Down syndrome.

METHODS: This systematic review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines; while Cochrane guidelines were adopted for methodological guidance. Reports were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PEDro), EMBASE, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus and Google Scholar from 2000 to January 2025. Randomized clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies were assessed in English. Review, meta-analysis, and descriptive studies were excluded from the study. Two researchers screened and evaluated data based on PEO criteria and the quality of studies was assessed using the PEDro scale.

RESULTS: Among between 374 studies, Six articles were included in the present review and meta-analysis. Four studies showed that exercise interventions improve postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. However, the results of 2 studies indicated that exercise interventions do not improve postural control in these individuals. Ultimately, after analyzing the studies, the statistical results showed a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (p = 0.001), indicating the effectiveness of exercise interventions and subsequent improvement in postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. According to PEDro scale, four studies were low quality, and two were high quality. Also, applying GRADE criteria, there is a “Low” certainty of evidence observed. The mean effect size of the exercises in the 6 included studies in the present review was 0.67, indicating a small effect size.

CONCLUSIONS: The exercise interventions improve postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. In addition, Due to the small sample size and the small number of studies included, to deal with the risk of bias in the studies, a new randomized controlled trial with a stronger methodology and large sample size comparing exercises and other strategies or different types of exercises is recommended.

PMID:40033403 | DOI:10.1186/s13102-025-01096-4

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Mar 3;17(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01096-4.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Individuals with Down syndrome have severe difficulties maintaining proper postural control when standing upright. Therefore, the goal of the present review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of exercise interventions on improving postural control in individuals with Down syndrome.

METHODS: This systematic review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines; while Cochrane guidelines were adopted for methodological guidance. Reports were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PEDro), EMBASE, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus and Google Scholar from 2000 to January 2025. Randomized clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies were assessed in English. Review, meta-analysis, and descriptive studies were excluded from the study. Two researchers screened and evaluated data based on PEO criteria and the quality of studies was assessed using the PEDro scale.

RESULTS: Among between 374 studies, Six articles were included in the present review and meta-analysis. Four studies showed that exercise interventions improve postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. However, the results of 2 studies indicated that exercise interventions do not improve postural control in these individuals. Ultimately, after analyzing the studies, the statistical results showed a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (p = 0.001), indicating the effectiveness of exercise interventions and subsequent improvement in postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. According to PEDro scale, four studies were low quality, and two were high quality. Also, applying GRADE criteria, there is a “Low” certainty of evidence observed. The mean effect size of the exercises in the 6 included studies in the present review was 0.67, indicating a small effect size.

CONCLUSIONS: The exercise interventions improve postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. In addition, Due to the small sample size and the small number of studies included, to deal with the risk of bias in the studies, a new randomized controlled trial with a stronger methodology and large sample size comparing exercises and other strategies or different types of exercises is recommended.

PMID:40033403 | DOI:10.1186/s13102-025-01096-4

J Health Popul Nutr. 2025 Mar 3;44(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s41043-025-00753-1.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Research on the distribution and association of depression with tobacco consumption among young population is commonly prioritised in India, while studies on tobacco use among middle-aged (45-59 years) and elderly (≥ 60 years) adults are noticeably lacking. Thus, we conducted this study with the objectives of estimating the prevalence, distribution and determining the association of depression and tobacco consumption among middle-aged and elderly Indian population; overall and stratified into age group, gender, and geographical location.

METHODS: Using dataset from Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), a bivariate analysis was conducted among middle-aged (45-59 years) and elderly (≥ 60 years) Indians to estimate the prevalence of depression and tobacco consumption. States and Union Territories were categorised as low, medium, and high as per prevalence of depression and tobacco consumption, and spatial distribution maps were created. To reduce the confounding effects of demographic & socioeconomic and health-related & behavioural covariates; propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted. Nested multilevel regression modelling was employed to explore the association between depression (outcome variable) and tobacco consumption (explanatory variable) using STATA version 17. The p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Overall, 36.78% (36.03-37.55%) participants documented using any form of tobacco; with higher consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) (19.88%) than smoking (SM) (13.92%). The overall prevalence of depression was 7.62% irrespective of tobacco consumption, and 8.51% among participants consuming any form of tobacco. Mizoram had the highest consumption of tobacco in any form (78.21%), whereas Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest (14.62%) depression prevalence. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Uttarakhand had both high prevalence of depression and any form of tobacco consumption. The average estimated treatment effect (ATE) indicated a positive association both between depression and any form of tobacco consumption (p value = 0.001) and with smokeless tobacco (p value = 0.001) consumption. Participants ever consuming any form of tobacco had 28% higher odds (aOR-1.28 (1.18-1.38). The odds of having depression were higher among females (aOR = 1.28 (1.17-1.41); richest (aOR-1.48 (1.32-1.65); living alone (aOR = 1.14 (1.01-1.33). Participants with comorbidity (aOR = 1.20 (1.10-1.30) and multimorbidity (aOR = 1.24 (1.13-1.36)) had higher odds of depression.

CONCLUSION: The study has established significant positive association between depression and tobacco consumption stratified into gender and age group. Prioritisation of mental health disorders like depression and tobacco prevention and cessation programmes must be implemented with focusing on females and the middle-aged population with community awareness and intersectoral collaborative effort irrespective of subnational-variations.

PMID:40033402 | DOI:10.1186/s41043-025-00753-1

J Health Popul Nutr. 2025 Mar 3;44(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s41043-025-00753-1.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Research on the distribution and association of depression with tobacco consumption among young population is commonly prioritised in India, while studies on tobacco use among middle-aged (45-59 years) and elderly (≥ 60 years) adults are noticeably lacking. Thus, we conducted this study with the objectives of estimating the prevalence, distribution and determining the association of depression and tobacco consumption among middle-aged and elderly Indian population; overall and stratified into age group, gender, and geographical location.

METHODS: Using dataset from Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), a bivariate analysis was conducted among middle-aged (45-59 years) and elderly (≥ 60 years) Indians to estimate the prevalence of depression and tobacco consumption. States and Union Territories were categorised as low, medium, and high as per prevalence of depression and tobacco consumption, and spatial distribution maps were created. To reduce the confounding effects of demographic & socioeconomic and health-related & behavioural covariates; propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted. Nested multilevel regression modelling was employed to explore the association between depression (outcome variable) and tobacco consumption (explanatory variable) using STATA version 17. The p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Overall, 36.78% (36.03-37.55%) participants documented using any form of tobacco; with higher consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) (19.88%) than smoking (SM) (13.92%). The overall prevalence of depression was 7.62% irrespective of tobacco consumption, and 8.51% among participants consuming any form of tobacco. Mizoram had the highest consumption of tobacco in any form (78.21%), whereas Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest (14.62%) depression prevalence. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Uttarakhand had both high prevalence of depression and any form of tobacco consumption. The average estimated treatment effect (ATE) indicated a positive association both between depression and any form of tobacco consumption (p value = 0.001) and with smokeless tobacco (p value = 0.001) consumption. Participants ever consuming any form of tobacco had 28% higher odds (aOR-1.28 (1.18-1.38). The odds of having depression were higher among females (aOR = 1.28 (1.17-1.41); richest (aOR-1.48 (1.32-1.65); living alone (aOR = 1.14 (1.01-1.33). Participants with comorbidity (aOR = 1.20 (1.10-1.30) and multimorbidity (aOR = 1.24 (1.13-1.36)) had higher odds of depression.

CONCLUSION: The study has established significant positive association between depression and tobacco consumption stratified into gender and age group. Prioritisation of mental health disorders like depression and tobacco prevention and cessation programmes must be implemented with focusing on females and the middle-aged population with community awareness and intersectoral collaborative effort irrespective of subnational-variations.

PMID:40033402 | DOI:10.1186/s41043-025-00753-1

Infect Dis Poverty. 2025 Mar 3;14(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40249-025-01284-x.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira, is an important public health concern globally. Leptospirosis has been notifiable under statute in China since 1955, and its epidemiological characteristics have evolved during near 70 years. This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns and demographic characteristics of leptospirosis from 1955 to 2022 in China, and explore the possible factors that influence leptospirosis transmission risk.

METHODS: Wavelet time series analysis, global Moran’s I coefficients, space-time scanning statistics, and so on were used to analyze temporal, seasonal, geographic, and demographic trends in leptospirosis using reported national surveillance data from Chinese mainland from 1955 to 2022. Additionally, a Bayesian spatiotemporal model was used in a preliminary analysis to explore potential factors associated with leptospirosis occurrence.

RESULTS: Between 1955 and 2022, China reported 25,236,601 leptospirosis cases, with 91% occurring from July to October. The annual incidence rate peaked at 38.28/100,000 during outbreaks in the 1960s-1980s but stabilized at a low level (0.07/100,000) between 2005 and 2022, with over 99% of cases in southern China. Clustering increased over time, being greatest during the period 2015-2022 (Moran’s I = 0.41, P < 0.01). Space-time cluster analysis indicated that the most likely clusters were in northern provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) from 1955 to 1984, in southern PLADs from 1985 to 2022. The main identified risk factors of leptospirosis occurrence were annual average precipitation (3.68, 95% CI: 2.50 to 5.12), GDP per capita (-3.70, 95% CI: – 5.97 to – 1.41), and the total power of agricultural machinery (- 2.51, 95% CI: – 3.85 to – 1.17).

CONCLUSIONS: Over past 70 years, leptospirosis in China has occurred as significant outbreaks but has ultimately declined to stable, low levels of occurrence. However, a clear north-south disparity persists, with tropical and subtropical regions in southern China remaining high-risk areas. The nearly 70-year dataset underscores the complex interplay of climate and socioeconomic factors influencing the disease’s occurrence. Targeted prevention and control measures are critical to prevent outbreaks, especially in regions prone to extreme climatic events like heavy rainfall and floods, which may signal the resurgence of leptospirosis.

PMID:40033390 | DOI:10.1186/s40249-025-01284-x

Infect Dis Poverty. 2025 Mar 3;14(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40249-025-01284-x.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira, is an important public health concern globally. Leptospirosis has been notifiable under statute in China since 1955, and its epidemiological characteristics have evolved during near 70 years. This study aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns and demographic characteristics of leptospirosis from 1955 to 2022 in China, and explore the possible factors that influence leptospirosis transmission risk.

METHODS: Wavelet time series analysis, global Moran’s I coefficients, space-time scanning statistics, and so on were used to analyze temporal, seasonal, geographic, and demographic trends in leptospirosis using reported national surveillance data from Chinese mainland from 1955 to 2022. Additionally, a Bayesian spatiotemporal model was used in a preliminary analysis to explore potential factors associated with leptospirosis occurrence.

RESULTS: Between 1955 and 2022, China reported 25,236,601 leptospirosis cases, with 91% occurring from July to October. The annual incidence rate peaked at 38.28/100,000 during outbreaks in the 1960s-1980s but stabilized at a low level (0.07/100,000) between 2005 and 2022, with over 99% of cases in southern China. Clustering increased over time, being greatest during the period 2015-2022 (Moran’s I = 0.41, P < 0.01). Space-time cluster analysis indicated that the most likely clusters were in northern provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) from 1955 to 1984, in southern PLADs from 1985 to 2022. The main identified risk factors of leptospirosis occurrence were annual average precipitation (3.68, 95% CI: 2.50 to 5.12), GDP per capita (-3.70, 95% CI: – 5.97 to – 1.41), and the total power of agricultural machinery (- 2.51, 95% CI: – 3.85 to – 1.17).

CONCLUSIONS: Over past 70 years, leptospirosis in China has occurred as significant outbreaks but has ultimately declined to stable, low levels of occurrence. However, a clear north-south disparity persists, with tropical and subtropical regions in southern China remaining high-risk areas. The nearly 70-year dataset underscores the complex interplay of climate and socioeconomic factors influencing the disease’s occurrence. Targeted prevention and control measures are critical to prevent outbreaks, especially in regions prone to extreme climatic events like heavy rainfall and floods, which may signal the resurgence of leptospirosis.

PMID:40033390 | DOI:10.1186/s40249-025-01284-x