Category: Statistics

J Public Health Manag Pract. 2024 Nov 25. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000002091. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

There are multiple surveillance systems working to address the issue of maternal mortality in Missouri. These surveillance systems have key methodological differences in their definitions, terminology, inclusion criteria, and purpose. This study aims to provide an understanding of the practical effects of these programmatic differences regarding what cases are included and how this can impact the interpretations of the data and influence policy decisions. To accomplish this, death certificates identified by the Missouri Vital Statistics program, the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System, and the Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review (PAMR) program were compared. Commonalities and differences were noted, demonstrating the real-world effects of the methodological differences between programs. In particular, the PAMR program includes injury deaths in the count of pregnancy-related deaths, which are not included by other surveillance systems. These differences highlight the importance of understanding the methodology and limitations of a dataset.

PMID:39808744 | DOI:10.1097/PHH.0000000000002091

J Public Health Manag Pract. 2024 Nov 14. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000002088. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The study examines: 1) impacts of COVID-19 on the work of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – Education (SNAP-Ed) implementers, 2) facilitators and barriers experienced in making adaptations, and 3) factors that would have helped with preparedness to adapt.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A purposive sample of 181 SNAP-Ed program implementers from across five states completed a survey or interview based on the study aims. Quantitative data was summarized with descriptive statistics and qualitative data was analyzed thematically.

RESULTS: Direct education activities were found to be most impacted during COVID-19 while working to change policies, systems, and environments and indirect education were less impacted. Both positive and negative impacts surfaced. Respondents were most likely to say they were moderately or slightly prepared to make adaptations. Elements of internal organizations, technology, and partners both helped and hindered adapting. Pre-established virtual capacity, formal preparation and planning protocols and procedures, and better and more frequent communication with partners and program leadership would have helped with preparedness.

CONCLUSION: SNAP-Ed needs assessment and implementation processes should integrate and expand upon the lessons learned in the study to enhance future emergency preparedness among program implementers. Program policy should be updated to allow for implementation flexibility during future emergencies.

PMID:39808742 | DOI:10.1097/PHH.0000000000002088

J Patient Saf. 2024 Nov 25. doi: 10.1097/PTS.0000000000001300. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to identify the characteristics of medication-related malpractice claims occurring in the ambulatory setting across 2 time periods.

METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study was used. Ambulatory medication-related closed malpractice events from loss years of 2011-2021 were analyzed. Analysis included gender and age, injury severity, location, major injury, medications, primary and secondary services, roles, contributing factors, primary drivers, indemnity paid, and disposition status. Findings were analyzed using the Candello Explore tool.

RESULTS: Five hundred four ambulatory medication-related closed malpractice events were included. Family medicine (19.4%) and internal medicine (10.4%) services had the largest number of claims. The top medications were anti-infectants (16.4%), narcotics (15.6%), and anticoagulants (14.4%). Medication-related claims were multifactorial, averaging 4.1 contributing factors per claim. Clinical judgment issues were found in over 55% of the claims, and communication factors were observed in almost 48% of the claims. In the comparison analysis, 433 claims from 2011 to 2015 and 161 claims from 2016 to 2021 were evaluated. A statistical decrease in claims involving anticoagulants and narcotics (P = 0.01) was seen in the second period. There was a statistical increase in claims involving pharmacy dispensing errors during the 2016-2021 period (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS: Adverse drug events in ambulatory care are multifactorial. Errors in the technical process of ordering and managing medications, patient education, patient adherence, and pharmacy dispensing were the primary drivers of ambulatory medication malpractice claims in this study.

PMID:39808730 | DOI:10.1097/PTS.0000000000001300

J Nurs Res. 2025 Jan 15. doi: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000653. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Research data on the extent of and protocols related to physical restraint (PR) in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) are scarce. Most previous studies in China on this topic have focused on the prevalence, reasons, and background of PR use among adult patients.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to delineate the application of PR and the factors associated with PR use in PICUs in China.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in one PICU at West China Hospital, Sichuan University, from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 1,086 pediatric patients in the PICU were included in this study. Data collection was performed over 11 months, utilizing PR observation forms and patient records. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to obtain the data, and logistic regression models were used to analyze the independent risk factors for PR.

RESULTS: Of the 1,086 participants, 750 (69.1%) experienced being restrained, and 83.5% of the restrained participants who were pediatric patients were restrained for more than 50% of their time during their PICU stay. The results of logistic regression analysis identified age (1-6 years: OR = 2.090, 95% CI [1.508, 2.897], p < .001; 7-17 years: OR = 0.523, 95% CI [0.358, 0.765], p = .001), use of mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.126, 95% CI [1.480, 3.055], p < .001), use of drainage tubes (OR = 1.916, 95% CI [1.445, 2.541], p < .001), and sedation (OR = 1.494, 95% CI [1.101, 2.026], p = .010) as significantly correlated with the use of PR in the PICU. For the 750 patients who experienced being restrained, PR initiation was documented with a written medical order, and in 604 cases (80.5%), the restraints were removed without similar documentation.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of PR is common in PICUs in China, with more than half of pediatric patients being restrained during their stay. Age, mechanical ventilation, use of drainage tubes, and use of sedative drugs were identified as significantly associated with PR use. Developing standardized procedures/guidelines for PR use in Chinese PICUs and enhancing medical staff education on PR practices are imperative.

PMID:39808687 | DOI:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000653

PLoS One. 2025 Jan 14;20(1):e0308949. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308949. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

In recent decades there has been significant interest among policy makers in supporting entrepreneurship among university students, with the goal to improve labor market outcomes and contribute to the economy through venture creation. Drawing from the 2018 National Graduate Survey in Canada, our study examines who engages in entrepreneurial activity after graduation, investigating differences among demographic groups and between those who participated in entrepreneurship education on campus and those who did not participate. We find that those graduates who participated in entrepreneurship education are more likely to be self-employed and own their own business three years after graduating than the general population of university graduates. We also find differences according to gender, citizenship, and socio-economic status in entrepreneurial activity. Our results are consistent with previous studies documenting demographic disparities in entrepreneurship and provide more generalizable evidence about the relationship between entrepreneurship education and subsequent entrepreneurship.

PMID:39808685 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0308949

PLoS One. 2025 Jan 14;20(1):e0317315. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317315. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a commonly used biomarker for assessing kidney function and neuroendocrine activity. Previous studies have indicated that elevated BUN levels are associated with increased mortality in various critically ill patient populations. The focus of this study was to investigate the relationship between BUN and 28-day mortality in intensive care patients.

METHODS: This was a multi-centre retrospective cohort study that made use of data from the eICU Collaborative Research Database. The primary exposure variable was BUN, and the outcome was 28-day mortality. The following variables were included as covariates: age, gender, BMI, white blood cell count, creatinine, GCS score, APACHE IV score, and diabetes. The statistical analyses included univariate and multivariate logistic regression, as well as generalized additive modelling, which was employed to assess the non-linear relationship between BUN and mortality.

RESULTS: A total of 63,757 elderly patients were included in the study, with a 28-day mortality of 6.5%. The univariate analysis indicated that elevated BUN quartiles were associated with an increased risk of mortality. The results of the multivariate analysis further confirmed the non-linear relationship between BUN and mortality. When BUN was less than 32 mg/dL, there was a significant positive association, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.230 (95% CI: 1.154-1.311, p<0.0001) for every 10 mg/dL increase in BUN. However, when BUN was greater than or equal to 32 mg/dL, BUN level had no significant effect on mortality.

CONCLUSION: BUN showed a nonlinear, threshold correlation with 28-day mortality in critically ill patients. The higher the BUN, the greater the risk of death if the BUN is below the threshold.

PMID:39808678 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0317315

PLoS Comput Biol. 2025 Jan 14;21(1):e1012234. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012234. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chronic pain is a wide-spread condition that is debilitating and expensive to manage, costing the United States alone around $600 billion in 2010. In a common symptom of chronic pain called allodynia, non-painful stimuli produce painful responses with highly variable presentations across individuals. While the specific mechanisms remain unclear, allodynia is hypothesized to be caused by the dysregulation of excitatory-inhibitory (E-I) balance in pain-processing neural circuitry in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In this work, we analyze biophysically-motivated subcircuit structures that represent common motifs in neural circuits in laminae I-II of the dorsal horn. These circuits are hypothesized to be part of the neural pathways that mediate two different types of allodynia: static and dynamic. We use neural firing rate models to describe the activity of populations of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons within each subcircuit. By accounting for experimentally-observed responses under healthy conditions, we specify model parameters defining populations of subcircuits that yield typical behavior under normal conditions. Then, we implement a sensitivity analysis approach to identify the mechanisms most likely to cause allodynia-producing dysregulation of the subcircuit’s E-I signaling. We find that disruption of E-I balance generally occurs either due to downregulation of inhibitory signaling so that excitatory neurons are “released” from inhibitory control, or due to upregulation of excitatory neuron responses so that excitatory neurons “escape” their inhibitory control. Which of these mechanisms is most likely to occur, the subcircuit components involved in the mechanism, and the proportion of subcircuits exhibiting the mechanism can vary depending on the subcircuit structure. These results suggest specific hypotheses about diverse mechanisms that may be most likely responsible for allodynia, thus offering predictions for the high interindividual variability observed in allodynia and identifying targets for further experimental studies on the underlying mechanisms of this chronic pain symptom.

PMID:39808669 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012234

J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2025 Jan 15:1-10. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20250107-03. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To describe relationships among grit, spirituality, and hope in women Veterans (N = 80).

METHOD: A descriptive, correlational design was used. Study variables were measured with the Short Grit Scale, Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, and Hope Scale.

RESULTS: Mean scores for spirituality, grit, and hope were 4.37 (SD = 1.04), 3.47 (SD = 0.68), and 51.24 (SD = 7.17), respectively. Spirituality was positively associated with grit but was not statistically significant (r = 0.17, p = 0.14). Spirituality was positively associated with total hope (r = 0.241, p = 0.04). Total hope was positively correlated with grit (r = 0.378, p < 0.001). The coefficient measuring the total effect of spirituality on grit was 0.12 (p = 0.11). When hope was introduced, the coefficient was reduced to 0.05, indicating that hope mediated the relationship between spirituality and grit.

CONCLUSION: Strong levels of spirituality, grit, and hope were evident in women Veterans. Positive relationships were found between variables, with hope influencing the relationship between spirituality and grit. Spirituality, hope, and grit are sources of strength in women Veterans that provide opportunities for support by the health care team. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].

PMID:39808489 | DOI:10.3928/02793695-20250107-03

JAMA. 2025 Jan 14. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.21653. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Fragility fractures result in significant morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: To review evidence on osteoporosis screening to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force.

DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and trial registries through January 9, 2024; references, experts, and literature surveillance through July 31, 2024.

STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of screening; pharmacotherapy studies for primary osteoporosis; predictive and diagnostic accuracy studies.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers assessed titles/abstracts, full-text articles, study quality, and extracted data; when at least 2 similar studies were available, meta-analyses were conducted.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Hip, clinical vertebral, major osteoporotic, and total fractures; mortality; harms; accuracy.

RESULTS: Three RCTs and 3 systematic reviews reported benefits of screening in older, higher-risk women. Two RCTs used 2-stage screening: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool estimate with bone mineral density (BMD) testing if risk threshold exceeded. One RCT used BMD plus additional tests. Screening was associated with reduced hip (pooled relative risk [RR], 0.83 [95% CI, 0.73-0.93]; 3 RCTs; 42 009 participants) and major osteoporotic fracture (pooled RR, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.88-0.99]; 3 RCTs; 42 009 participants) compared with usual care. Corresponding absolute risk differences were 5 to 6 fewer fractures per 1000 participants screened. The discriminative accuracy of risk assessment instruments to predict fracture or identify osteoporosis varied by instrument and fracture type; most had an area under the curve between 0.60 and 0.80 to predict major osteoporotic fracture, hip fracture, or both. Calibration outcomes were limited. Compared with placebo, bisphosphonates (pooled RR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.45-1.00]; 6 RCTs; 12 055 participants) and denosumab (RR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.37-0.97] from the largest RCT [7808 participants]) were associated with reduced hip fractures. Compared with placebo, no statistically significant associations were observed for adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Screening in higher-risk women 65 years or older was associated with a small absolute risk reduction in hip and major fractures compared with usual care. No evidence evaluated screening with BMD alone or screening in men or younger women. Risk assessment instruments, BMD alone, or both have poor to modest discrimination for predicting fracture. Osteoporosis treatment with bisphosphonates or denosumab over several years was associated with fracture reductions and no meaningful increase in adverse events.

PMID:39808441 | DOI:10.1001/jama.2024.21653

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jan 2;8(1):e2454000. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54000.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients with advanced cancer often die in hospital settings. Data characterizing the degree to which this pattern of care is concordant with patient goals are sparse.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the extent of concordance between the preferred and actual location of death among AYA patients with cancer.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study included AYA patients (aged 12-39 years) with cancer who died between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2019, after receiving care at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Kaiser Permanente Northern California or who died between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2019, after receiving care at Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Data were analyzed from January 12 to July 1, 2024.

EXPOSURE: Death due to cancer.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Medical record documentation of discussions about preferred location of death, actual location of death, and concordance between preferred and actual location of death.

RESULTS: The analytic population included 1929 AYA decedents, of whom 1049 (54.4%) were female; 227 (11.8%), Asian; 157 (8.1%), Black; 514 (26.6%), Hispanic; and 1184 (61.4%), White. Median age at death was 32 (IQR, 25-37) years. A total of 1226 AYA patients (63.6%) had a documented discussion about preferred location of death. Among those with a documented discussion, 594 (48.5%) did not have a documented preference, 402 (32.8%) wanted to die at home, 177 (14.4%) preferred a hospital death, and 48 (3.9%) desired inpatient hospice. Eight hundred and thirty patients (43.0%) died in acute care settings (256 [13.3%] intensive care unit [ICU], 548 [28.4%] hospital [non-ICU], and 26 [1.3%] emergency department), while 643 (33.3%) died at home and 47 (2.4%) in an inpatient hospice. Among the 528 patients with both a documented preferred death location of home, hospital, or inpatient hospice and documented death in one of these locations, the concordance between preferred and actual location of death was 401 (75.9%). One hundred and sixty-four of 172 patients (95.3%) who preferred a hospital death died there; 224 of 317 (70.7%) who preferred a home death died at home, and 13 of 39 (33.3%) who desired to die in inpatient hospice did so.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Although many AYA patients with cancer died in their preferred location, over one-quarter of those who desired to die at home did not realize this goal. These findings highlight the need for effective solutions to enable goal-concordant care for this population.

PMID:39808433 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54000