Category: Statistics

Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Dec 19;135(25):257401. doi: 10.1103/65jz-81kv.

ABSTRACT

Universal power laws have been scrutinized in physics and beyond, and a long-standing debate exists in econophysics regarding the strict universality of the nonlinear price impact, commonly referred to as the square-root law (SRL). The SRL posits that the average price impact I follows a power law with respect to transaction volume Q, such that I(Q)∝Q^{δ} with δ≈1/2. Some researchers argue that the exponent δ should be system specific, without universality. Conversely, others contend that δ should be exactly 1/2 for all stocks across all countries, implying universality. However, resolving this debate requires high-precision measurements of δ with errors of around 0.1 across hundreds of stocks, which has been extremely challenging due to the scarcity of large microscopic datasets-those that enable tracking the trading behavior of all individual accounts. Here we conclusively support the universality hypothesis of the SRL by a complete survey of all trading accounts for all liquid stocks on the Tokyo Stock Exchange over eight years. Using this comprehensive microscopic dataset, we show that the exponent δ is equal to 1/2 within statistical errors at both the individual stock level and the individual trader level. Additionally, we rejected two prominent models supporting the nonuniversality hypothesis: the Gabaix-Gopikrishnan-Plerou-Stanley and the Farmer-Gerig-Lillo-Waelbroeck models [Gabaix et al., Nature (London) 423, 267 (2003).NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature01624; Q. J. Econ 121, 461 (2006).10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.461; Farmer et al., Quant. Finance 13, 1743 (2013)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature01624]. Our Letter provides exceptionally high-precision evidence for the universality hypothesis in social science and could prove useful in evaluating the price impact by large investors-an important topic even among practitioners.

PMID:41557288 | DOI:10.1103/65jz-81kv

Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Dec 19;135(25):257101. doi: 10.1103/tgt8-gb13.

ABSTRACT

The XY models with continuous spin orientation play a pivotal role in understanding topological phase transitions and emergent frustration phenomena such as superconducting and superfluid phase transitions. However, the complex energy landscapes arising from frustrated lattice geometries and competing spin interactions make these models computationally intractable. To address this challenge, we designed a programmable photonic spin simulator capable of emulating the XY models with tunable lattice geometries and spin couplings, allowing systematic exploration of their statistical properties. We experimentally observed the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in a square-lattice XY model with nearest-neighbor interactions and determined its critical temperature. Expanding to frustrated systems, we implemented the approach in triangular and honeycomb lattices, uncovering sophisticated phase transitions and frustration effects, which were consistent with theoretical predictions. This versatile platform opens avenues for probing unexplored XY model phenomena across diverse geometries and interaction schemes, with potential applications in solving complex optimization and machine learning problems.

PMID:41557271 | DOI:10.1103/tgt8-gb13

Int J Prosthodont. 2026 Jan 20;0(0):1-21. doi: 10.11607/ijp.9668. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Restoring severely destructed anterior teeth without a ferrule remains a clinical challenge, and the choice between endocrowns and post-core systems is still debated. This study aimed to compare the fracture strength and failure modes of maxillary central incisors restored with conventional and CAD/CAM post-core systems versus endocrowns fabricated from different materials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty endodontically treated maxillary central incisors were decoronated and divided into five groups:Glass-fiber post/composite core (F); CAD/CAM glass-fiber single-piece post-core (CF); CAD/CAM polyetheretherketone (PEEK) single-piece post-core (CP); hybrid ceramic endocrown (HE); lithium disilicate endocrown (LE). Hybrid ceramic crowns were produced on the post-core restorations. After thermocycling, fracture strength (N) was evaluated using a universal testing machine. Then the failure modes were examined under stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests (P= .05).

RESULTS: Group CF exhibited the highest fracture strength (331.624 N) and a 60% repairable failure rate. However, group F exhibited a 100% repairable failure, followed by the group CP, which showed 80% repairable failure. Among the endocrowns, HE demonstrated significantly higher fracture strength (313.9 N) compared with LE (128.9 N, P< .05), although both showed 60% repairable failures.

CONCLUSIONS: CAD/CAM glass-fiber post-cores and hybrid ceramic endocrowns provided superior fracture strength with predominantly repairable failures. In view of their simplified workflow and cost-effectiveness, hybrid ceramic endocrowns may be regarded as a clinically reliable restorative option for anterior teeth lacking a ferrule. In addition, the repairable nature of failures in glass-fiber posts plays a key role in preventing irreversible failures.

PMID:41557270 | DOI:10.11607/ijp.9668

Int J Prosthodont. 2026 Jan 20;0(0):1-23. doi: 10.11607/ijp.9656. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the influence of self-image and self-esteem on overall quality of life and oral health in edentulous individuals before and after rehabilitation with new complete dentures.

METHODS: An observational clinical study was conducted with 26 edentulous adults. Participants completed validated questionnaires (GOHAI, DIDL, RSES, SHS, BASS, MBSRQ-AS, ST, FOE) before treatment and 2-3 weeks after denture delivery. Pre- and post-treatment differences were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and relationships among domains were examined using Spearman’s correlation (α = 0.05).

RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in oral health perception and several psychosocial domains, including GOHAI (26.0 → 28.5; p = 0.015), self-esteem on the RSES (-0.25 → 1.0; p < 0.001), smile frequency on the ST (11.0 → 11.5; p = 0.006), and appearance-related dimensions of the DIDL (p < 0.001). Satisfaction with dental and facial-related body areas also increased, as reflected by improvements in BASS-General (37.5 → 31.0; p = 0.008), Teeth (3 → 1; p < 0.001), Mouth (2 → 1; p = 0.006), and Profile (2 → 1; p = 0.001). Spearman’s analyses revealed statistically significant correlations among functional, esthetic, and psychosocial domains, of weak to moderate strength. No significant changes were detected for SHS, FOE, or the MBSRQ-AS subscales (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation with dentures resulted in meaningful short-term improvements in oral-health perception, self-esteem, and esthetic self-perception. Weak to moderate correlations among functional, esthetic, and psychosocial domains indicate interconnected early changes, while broader emotional constructs showed no significant variation.

PMID:41557268 | DOI:10.11607/ijp.9656

Int J Prosthodont. 2026 Jan 20;0(0):1-21. doi: 10.11607/ijp.9575. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of the present in-vitro study was to evaluate the effect of various post-curing times (15, 30, and 45 minutes) and conditions (dry and glycerin-immersion) on the mechanical properties of a permanent crown resin used for 3D-printing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crowns (n=90) and bars (n=90) were fabricated using a permanent crown resin (Saremco Crowntec) with a 3D printer (Nextdent 5100) in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. After washing with alcohol, the printed specimens were divided into 6 groups (n=15). Post-curing (LC-3DPrint Box) was performed under dry and glycerin- immersion conditions for 15, 30 and 45 minutes. A universal testing machine was used to measure the fracture resistance of crowns and the flexural strength of bars in a three-point bending test. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA (α =.05).

RESULTS: Fracture resistance was not significantly different between the dry and glycerin- immersion groups (P ˃ .05). Flexural strength significantly decreased in the glycerin-immersion specimens, compared with the dry ones in the 15-minute post-cured group (P < .05). Fracture resistance increased, in accordance with the increment in the post-curing time, in both dry and wet conditions, even though no significant difference was obtained for post-processing times of longer than 30 minutes (P ˃ .05). In the glycerin-immersion group, flexural strength increased with post-curing time, showing a significant difference between 15 and 45 minutes (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS: Post-curing time and conditions influence the mechanical features of the investigated 3D printed permanent crown material. The increment of the post-curing time had a favorable influence on the material’s mechanical properties.

PMID:41557267 | DOI:10.11607/ijp.9575

Anim Sci J. 2026 Jan-Dec;97(1):e70150. doi: 10.1111/asj.70150.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of the revision of Japan’s Carcass Trading Standard for Pork (CTSP) in January 2023, which increased the optimal carcass weight (CWT) range by 3 kg, on the profitability and growth productivity of commercial pig farms. We analyzed data from 116 Japanese farrow-to-finish farms in 2022 and 2023. The study found that the mean CWT significantly increased from 76.1 to 77.1 kg (p < 0.05), with 77% of farms increasing their CWT. Statistical analysis revealed that farms that had increased their CWT by more than 2 kg saw a significantly higher increase in margin over feed cost per market pig compared with farms that had decreased their CWT (p < 0.05). This increased profit was primarily driven by higher sales revenue per market pig owing to the increased CWT, while feed cost per pig was statistically similar across all change groups. In conclusion, the CTSP revision successfully encouraged most farms to increase CWT, providing a clear economic advantage in terms of margin over feed cost.

PMID:41556269 | DOI:10.1111/asj.70150

Cancer Med. 2026 Jan;15(1):e71528. doi: 10.1002/cam4.71528.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer (LC) is the top cancer killer in women, yet lung cancer screening (LCS) uptake is substantially lower than mammography. Leveraging the reach of mammography programs may improve LCS uptake, but the potential gain in LC detection from this approach is unknown. This study aimed to determine the proportion of women with LC eligible for both screenings, potential LC detection via integrated screening, and factors influencing each screening uptake among those dually eligible.

METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 345 women newly diagnosed with LC presenting at a Midwestern Comprehensive Cancer Center (2019-2020). Pre-diagnosis LCS-eligibility was determined per 2013 and 2021 USPSTF criteria, LCS-uptake per 2013 criteria, and mammography-eligibility per 2016 criteria. We assessed sociodemographic variables associated with screening uptake among dually eligible women.

RESULTS: Among 345 women (mean [SD] age 64.8 [11.35] years), 73.3% were eligible for mammography, while 43.5% were eligible for LCS (2013), increasing to 49.3% (2021). Mammography uptake (41.5%) substantially exceeded LCS uptake (13.9%). Overall, 45.2% were eligible for both screenings, representing 92.4% (157/170) of all LCS-eligible (2021) cases. Notably, 20.3% were LCS-eligible (2021) and received mammography, that is, 41.2% (70/170) of LCS-eligible cases. Among dually eligible women, rural residency correlated with lower LCS uptake (odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% CI = 0.19-0.94; p = 0.031), whereas receiving mammography correlated with higher LCS uptake (OR, 2.67; 95% CI = 1.21-5.87; p = 0.013).

CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of women with LC who are LCS-eligible underwent mammography, representing a missed opportunity for earlier LC detection. Integrating these screenings could enhance LC detection, especially for rural residents who experience disparities in LCS but not mammography uptake.

PMID:41556249 | DOI:10.1002/cam4.71528

J Trop Pediatr. 2026 Jan 2;72(1):fmaf057. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmaf057.

ABSTRACT

The pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at the Academic Hospital Paramaribo (AHP), operational since 2017, is the only tertiary referral center for critically ill children in Suriname. This study aims to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics and outcomes of critically ill children treated in the PICU over 2 years, and to assess risk factors associated with mortality during PICU admission. A retrospective study of admissions from children 16 years and younger admitted to the PICU of the AHP between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. During the study period, 424 PICU admissions were included, of which 91% were acute and unplanned. The most frequent medical reasons for admission were convulsions (8.5%), pneumonia/lung abscess/empyema (7.5%), and bronchiolitis (7.3%). One hundred thirty-six admissions (32.0%) received mechanical ventilation, and 104 (24.5%) required inotropes. The median PICU stay was 3 days (interquartile range 0-6), with a mortality rate of 12.0%. In the multivariate analysis, only male gender, mechanical ventilation, and inotropes were associated with increased risk of death. The results of this benchmarking study can ultimately serve as a valuable resource for policy-makers and important stakeholders in the process of improving the care provided to critically ill children in Suriname.

PMID:41556154 | DOI:10.1093/tropej/fmaf057

Health Technol Assess. 2026 Jan;30(2):1-28. doi: 10.3310/AAVV3131.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: For women with chronic or gestational hypertension who remain well, early term birth (at 37-38 weeks’ gestation) may reduce maternal complications, caesareans and stillbirths, but it may increase neonatal morbidity compared with expectant care. Expectant care may increase costs. There are no high-quality data to guide care, which currently involves maternal-fetal surveillance and intervention for maternal or fetal compromise, which may be rapid or unexpected.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate optimal timing of birth for women with chronic or gestational hypertension who reach term and remain well.

DESIGN: Pragmatic, unmasked, multicentre randomised trial with a health economic analysis.

SETTING: Fifty United Kingdom hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS: Inclusion: maternal age ≥ 16 years, chronic or gestational hypertension, singleton pregnancy, live fetus, 36⁺⁰-37⁺⁶ weeks’ gestation and able to give documented informed consent. Exclusion: contraindication to either trial arm (e.g. pre-eclampsia), blood pressure ≥ 160/110 mmHg until controlled, major fetal anomaly anticipated to require neonatal care unit admission or participation in another timed birth trial.

INTERVENTIONS: Planned early term birth at 38^+0-3 weeks’ (intervention) or ‘usual care at term’ (control, revised from ‘expectant care until at least 40⁺⁰ weeks’, August 2022).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal coprimary: composite of ‘poor maternal outcome’ (severe hypertension, maternal death or maternal morbidity and superiority hypothesis). Neonatal coprimary: neonatal care unit admission ≥ 4 hours (non-inferiority hypothesis). Each coprimary is measured until primary hospital discharge or 28 days post birth (whichever is earlier). Key secondary: caesarean birth.

RANDOMISATION: 1 : 1 ratio, minimised for key prognostic variables: site, hypertension type and prior caesarean.

BLINDING: It was not possible to mask care providers or participants to the intervention. For the coprimary maternal outcome, there was local site principal investigator/delegate sign-off based on review, masked to allocated group, of primary case notes.

RESULTS: From 2019 to 2022, 403 participants were randomised (37% of target 1080) to intervention (n = 201) or control (n = 202). The funder stopped the trial during the coronavirus disease discovered in 2019 pandemic for delayed recruitment. In the intervention (vs. control) group, birth was a median of 0.9 weeks earlier (38.4, interquartile range 38.3-38.6 vs. 39.3, interquartile range 38.7-39.9 weeks). There was no evidence of a difference in ‘poor maternal outcome’ (13% vs. 12%, respectively; adjusted risk ratio 1.16, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 1.87). For ‘neonatal care unit admission ≥ 4 hours’, the intervention was considered to be non-inferior to control, as the adjusted risk difference, 95% confidence interval upper bound did not cross the 8% pre-specified non-inferiority margin (7% vs. 7%, respectively; adjusted risk difference 0.003, 95% confidence interval -0.05 to +0.06), although event rates were lower than estimated. There was no evidence of a difference in caesarean (29% vs. 36%, respectively; adjusted risk ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.61 to 1.08).

LIMITATIONS: Recruitment was 37% of the anticipated sample size (as above).

CONCLUSIONS: Despite being unable to recruit to target in this study, we observed that most women with chronic or gestational hypertension required labour induction and planned birth at 38^0-3 weeks (vs. usual care), which resulted in birth an average of 6 days earlier and there were no differences in poor maternal outcome or neonatal morbidity. Our findings provide reassurance about planned birth at 38^0-3 weeks as a clinical option for these women.

FUTURE WORK: An individual participant data meta-analysis is planned to address whether the intervention (vs. control) reduces caesarean; low adverse event rates would make unfeasible mounting another randomised trial.

FUNDING: This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number 16/167/123.

PMID:41556143 | DOI:10.3310/AAVV3131

Am J Med Genet A. 2026 Jan 20. doi: 10.1002/ajmga.70041. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Genetic conditions suspected in children often require genetic testing for accurate diagnoses, but testing remains costly. Case management teams review genetic test requests to improve access for patients while reducing the financial burden for medical institutions. Limited data exist on the diagnostic yields of genetic testing in the inpatient versus outpatient setting and the impact to care denial of inpatient genetic testing may pose. This study investigates diagnostic yields between patients approved for versus denied inpatient genetic testing and its impact to care. One thousand and fifty-two charts of children admitted inpatient who received a genetic consult between July 2018 and June 2023 were reviewed; charts of children that followed up at the outpatient genetics clinic after inpatient discharge were additionally reviewed. Collected data included recommendations, completion, and results of genetic testing, and management recommendations based on a diagnosis. Statistical analysis assessed differences between the groups. Private insurance holders and patients with no prematurity history were less likely to be approved for inpatient genetic testing. The outpatient group had nearly twice the diagnostic yield and management recommendations did not differ between the groups. Inclusion of genetic providers in the review of inpatient genetic testing requests should be considered to improve outcomes.

PMID:41556137 | DOI:10.1002/ajmga.70041