Category: Statistics

Anat Sci Educ. 2022 Dec 23. doi: 10.1002/ase.2247. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Spatial abilities are cognitive resources used to mentally manipulate representations of objects to solve problems. Haptic abilities represent tactile interactions with real world objects transforming somatic information into mental representations. Both are proposed to be factors in anatomy education, yet spatial abilities and haptic abilities relationships remain unknown. The objective of the current study was to explore spatial abilities – haptic abilities interactions. A haptic abilities test (HAT) was developed based on the mental rotations test (MRT) with three-dimensional (3D) objects. The HAT was undertaken in three sensory conditions: (1) sighted, (2) sighted with haptics, and (3) haptics. Participants (n = 22; 13 females, 9 males) completed the MRT and were categorized into high spatial abilities (HSA) [n = 12, mean (±SD): 13.7 (±3.0)] and low spatial abilities (LSA) (n = 10, 5.6 (±2.0) based on score distributions about the overall mean. Each spatial abilities group’s HAT scores were compared across the three sensory conditions. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between MRT and HAT scores indicated a statistically significant correlation in sighted condition (r = 0.553, P = 0.015), but were not significant in the sighted with haptics (r = 0.0.078, P = 0.212) and haptics conditions (r = 0.043, P = 0.279). These data suggest haptic abilities appear unrelated to spatial abilities. With haptic exploration, LSA HAT scores were compensated; comparing HSA to LSA: sighted with haptics [12 (12-13)] vs [12 (11-13)], P = 0.254, and in haptics conditions [12 (11-13)] vs [12 (10-12)], P = 0.381). Migrations to online anatomy teaching, may unwittingly remove important sensory modalities from the learner. Understanding learner behaviors and performance decrements when haptic inputs are removed from the learning environment represents valuable insight informing future anatomy curriculum and resource development.

PMID:36565014 | DOI:10.1002/ase.2247

Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 Dec 23. doi: 10.1111/dom.14959. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Determine whether the twice daily (BID) regimen is superior to the once daily (QD) regimen for managing glycemic variability by comparing the effects of anagliptin 100 mg BID versus sitagliptin 100 mg QD.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A double-blinded, randomized, multicenter study was performed in 89 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin alone (6.5% < HbA1c < 8.5%). Subjects were randomly assigned to anagliptin 100 mg BID or sitagliptin 100 mg QD in a 1:1 ratio for 12 weeks. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to measure the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) and postprandial time in range (TIR) before and after DPP-4 inhibitor treatment to compare glycemic variability.

RESULTS: The decrease from baseline in MAGE at 12 weeks after DPP-4 inhibitor treatment was significantly greater in the anagliptin BID group than in the sitagliptin QD group (p<0.05); -30.4 ± 25.6 mg/dL (p<0.001) in the anagliptin group versus -9.5 ± 38.0 mg/dL (p=0.215) in the sitagliptin group. The TIR after dinner increased by 33.0 ± 22.0% (p<0.001) in the anagliptin group and by 14.6 ± 28.2% (p=0.014) in the sitagliptin group, with a statistically significant difference (p=0.009). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in the changes in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG).

CONCLUSIONS: The anagliptin BID regimen for the treatment of type 2 diabetes was superior in blood glucose control after dinner to improve glycemic variability, as indicated by MAGE and TIR but equivalent to the QD regimen in terms of HbA1c and FPG. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:36564983 | DOI:10.1111/dom.14959

Addiction. 2022 Dec 23. doi: 10.1111/add.16116. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Individuals of lower socioeconomic status (SES) display a higher prevalence of smoking and have more difficulty quitting than higher SES groups. The current study investigates whether the within-person associations of key risk (e.g., stress) and protective (self-efficacy) factors with smoking lapse varies by facets of SES.

DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational study using ecological momentary assessment to collect data for a 28-day period following a smoking quit attempt. Multilevel mixed models (i.e., generalized linear mixed models) examined cross-level interactions between lapse risk and protective factors and indicators of SES on smoking lapse.

PARTICIPANTS: A diverse sample of 330 adult U.S. smokers who completed a larger study examining the effects of race/ethnicity and social/environmental influences on smoking cessation.

MEASUREMENTS: Risk factors: momentary urge, negative affect, stress; Protective factors: positive affect, motivation, abstinence self-efficacy; SES measures: baseline measures of income and financial strain; Primary outcome: self-reported lapse.

FINDINGS: Participants provided 43,297 post-quit observations. Mixed models suggested that income and financial strain moderated the effect of some risk factors on smoking lapse. The within-person association of negative (odds ratio [OR] = 0.967, 95% [0.945, 0.990], p<.01) and positive affect (OR = 1.023, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.003, 1.044], p<.05), and abstinence self-efficacy (OR = 1.020, 95% CI [1.003, 1.038], p<.05) on lapse varied with financial strain. The within-person association of negative affect (OR = 1.005, 95% CI [1.002, 1.008], p<.01), motivation (OR = 0.995, 95% CI [0.991, 0.999], p<.05), and abstinence self-efficacy (OR = 0.996, 95% CI [0.993, 0.999], p<.01) on lapse varied by income. The positive association of negative affect with lapse was stronger among individuals with higher income and lower financial strain. The negative association between positive affect and abstinence self-efficacy with lapse was stronger among individuals with lower financial strain, and the negative association between motivation and abstinence self-efficacy with lapse was stronger among those with higher income. The data were insensitive to detect statistically significant moderating effects of income and financial strain on the association of urge or stress with lapse.

CONCLUSION: Some risk factors (e.g. momentary negative affect) exert a weaker influence on smoking lapse among lower compared to higher socioeconomic status groups.

PMID:36564898 | DOI:10.1111/add.16116

J Prim Care Community Health. 2022 Jan-Dec;13:21501319221141792. doi: 10.1177/21501319221141792.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Since the 1980s, primary care (PC) in the US has been recognized as the backbone of healthcare providing comprehensive care to complex patients, coordinating care among specialists, and rendering preventive services to contain costs and improve clinical outcomes. However, the effect of PC visits on total patient care cost has been difficult to quantify.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of PC visits on total patient care cost.

METHODS: This is a retrospective study of over 5 million patients assigned to a PC provider in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) in each of the 4 fiscal years (FY 2016-2019). The main outcome of interest is total annual patient care cost. We assessed the effect of primary care visits on total patient care cost first by descriptive statistics, and then by multivariate regressions adjusting for severity of illness and other confounders. We conducted in-depth sensitivity analyses to validate the findings.

RESULTS: On average, each additional in-person PC visit was associated with a total cost reduction of $721 (per patient per year). The first PC visit was associated with the largest savings, $3976 on average, and a steady diminishing return was observed. Further, the higher the patient risk (severity of illness), the larger the cost reduction: Among the top 10% of high-risk patients, the first PC in-person visit was associated with a reduction of $16 406 (19%).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings, substantiated by our exhaustive sensitivity analyses, suggest that expanding PC capacity can significantly reduce overall health care costs and improve patient care outcomes given the former is a strong proxy of the latter.

PMID:36564889 | DOI:10.1177/21501319221141792

Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Dec;33(12):e13896. doi: 10.1111/pai.13896.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Prevention guidelines have changed over the past decade and now recommend the earlier introduction of peanut and egg without delaying the introduction of other food allergens. This paper explored caregiver practices regarding the introduction of food allergens during infancy.

METHODS: A survey was administered (2021) to a US population-based sample of 3062 caregivers (children 7 months – 3.5 years). Demographics and feeding practices were collected. Weighted frequencies and proportions were calculated using the svyr package in R 4.1. Survey-weighted chi-square statistics and covariate-adjusted, survey-weighted logistic regression models were used for statistical inference.

RESULTS: Cow’s milk, wheat, and soy were the top three allergens introduced. Peanut and egg were introduced by 17.2% and 15.5% of caregivers before 7 months and 58.8% and 66.4% before 1 year, respectively. The age of peanut and egg introduction differed significantly by race/ethnicity (p < .001) and caregiver age (p < .001). Peanut and egg introduction before 7 months was significantly associated with the increased introduction of other allergenic foods before 1 year (p = <.001; peanut and p = < .001; egg). Caregivers who introduced peanut and egg before 7 months infant age fed an additional mean of 5.4 and 4.5 food allergens, respectively, before 1 year. Few caregivers (0.9%) reported feeding an “early food allergen introduction product” ≥ 3 times, which was significantly associated with parental food allergy (OR = 2.2) and previously seen an allergist (OR = 6.7).

CONCLUSION: More than half of the caregivers are not introducing peanut by age of one year and one-third are not introducing egg, though an observed shift toward earlier peanut and egg introduction was seen in the past 5 years. Peanut and egg introduction seem to co-occur and are associated with increased intake of other food allergens.

PMID:36564881 | DOI:10.1111/pai.13896

Protein Sci. 2022 Dec 23:e4555. doi: 10.1002/pro.4555. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The development of efficient computational methods for drug target protein identification can compensate for the high cost of experiments and is therefore of great significance for drug development. However, existing structure-based drug target protein-identification algorithms are limited by the insufficient number of proteins with experimentally resolved structures. Moreover, sequence-based algorithms cannot effectively extract information from protein sequences and thus display insufficient accuracy. Here, we combined the sequence-based self-supervised pre-training protein language model ESM1b with a graph convolutional neural network (GCN) classifier to develop an improved, sequence-based drug target protein identification method. This complete model, named QuoteTarget, efficiently encodes proteins based on sequence information alone and achieves an accuracy of 95% with the non-redundant drug target and non-drug target datasets constructed for this study. When applied to all proteins from Homo sapiens, QuoteTarget identified 1,213 potential undeveloped drug target proteins. We further inferred residue-binding weights from the well-trained network using the gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-Cam) algorithm. Notably, we found that without any binding site information input, significant residues inferred by the model closely match the experimentally confirmed drug molecule-binding sites. Thus, our work provides a highly effective sequence-based identifier for drug target proteins, as well to yield new insights into recognizing drug molecule-binding sites. The entire model is available at https://github.com/Chenjxjx/drug-target-prediction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:36564866 | DOI:10.1002/pro.4555

Personal Ment Health. 2022 Dec 23. doi: 10.1002/pmh.1575. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a chronic disorder associated with high mortality rates and high morbidity. The risk of obesity is associated with certain personality traits (PTs). Some studies have found correlations among some PTs and gender. Additionally, obesity implies higher costs in daily living. The aim of this paper is to overcome this problem in the literature and estimate the association between PTs and obesity by taking into account the economic situation of the individual. This study employs data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). We focus on waves 5 and 6 of the ELSA with a sample of 6562 individuals. The results suggests that the traits of agreeableness ( β=0.071,se=0.016,p<0.001$$ beta =0.071, se=0.016,kern0.5em p<0.001 $$ ) and openness ( β=0.028,se:0.014,p<0.001$$ beta =0.028, se:0.014,kern0.5em p<0.001 $$ ) are positively and significantly associated with obesity. On the other hand, consciousness has a negative and statistically significant effect on obesity β=0.072,se:0.017,p<0.001$$ left(beta =0.072, se:0.017,kern0.5em p<0.001right) $$ . Results are robust to the inclusion/exclusion of different regressors.

PMID:36564862 | DOI:10.1002/pmh.1575

Protein Sci. 2022 Dec 23:e4554. doi: 10.1002/pro.4554. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Designing novel proteins to perform desired functions, such as binding or catalysis, is a major goal in synthetic biology. A variety of computational approaches can aid in this task. An energy-based framework rooted in the sequence-structure statistics of tertiary motifs (TERMs) can be used for sequence design on pre-defined backbones. Neural network models that use backbone coordinate-derived features provide another way to design new proteins. In this work, we combine the two methods to make neural structure-based models more suitable for protein design. Specifically, we supplement backbone-coordinate features with TERM-derived data, as inputs, and we generate energy functions as outputs. We present two architectures that generate Potts models over the sequence space: TERMinator, which uses both TERM-based and coordinate-based information, and COORDinator, which uses only coordinate-based information. Using these two models, we demonstrate that TERMs can be utilized to improve native sequence recovery performance of neural models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sequences designed by TERMinator are predicted to fold to their target structures by AlphaFold. Finally, we show that both TERMinator and COORDinator learn notions of energetics, and these methods can be fine-tuned on experimental data to improve predictions. Our results suggest that using TERM-based and coordinate-based features together may be beneficial for protein design and that structure-based neural models that produce Potts energy tables have utility for flexible applications in protein science. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:36564857 | DOI:10.1002/pro.4554

Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2022 Dec 23;8(1):263. doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-01220-y.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing open-heart surgery are at risk for developmental impairments with motor delay manifesting first and contributing to parental concerns. Only a few interventional studies aim to improve neuromotor development in infants with CHD with inconclusive results. We thus developed a family-tailored early motor intervention (EMI-Heart), which aims to promote motor development and family well-being in the first year of life after open-heart surgery. The primary aim described in this protocol is to evaluate feasibility of EMI-Heart. The secondary aim is to describe the difference between the intervention and control group in motor outcomes and family well-being at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up.

METHODS: This prospective, parallel single-center feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT) will compare EMI-Heart with standard of care in infants with complex CHD. Sixteen infants and their families, randomly allocated to EMI-Heart or the control group, will participate within the first 5 months of life. Infants assigned to EMI-Heart will receive early motor intervention for 3 months. The intervention’s key is to promote infants’ postural control to enhance motor development and partnering with parents to encourage family well-being. Feasibility outcomes will be (a) clinical recruitment rate and percentage of families completing EMI-Heart, (b) average duration and number of sessions, and (c) acceptability of EMI-Heart using a parental questionnaire post-treatment, and descriptive acceptability of EMI-Heart to the pediatric physiotherapist. Secondary outcomes of the intervention and control group will be infants’ motor outcomes and questionnaires assessing family well-being at 3-5 months (baseline), at 6-8 months (post-treatment), and at 12 months of age (follow-up). We will evaluate feasibility using descriptive statistics. Non-parametric statistical analysis of secondary outcomes will assess differences between the groups at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up.

DISCUSSION: This feasibility RCT will provide information about a newly developed family-tailored early motor intervention in infants with complex CHD. The RCT design will provide a foundation for a future large-scale interventional trial for infants with CHD after open-heart surgery.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study protocol (version 1.3, 01.02.2022) was approved by the Cantonal Ethics Commission Zurich (BASEC-Nr. 2019-01,787) and is registered by Clinicaltrials.gov (NCTT04666857).

PMID:36564855 | DOI:10.1186/s40814-022-01220-y

Radiat Oncol. 2022 Dec 23;17(1):211. doi: 10.1186/s13014-022-02183-3.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To establish the dose effect relationship between the dose parameters of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the local tumor control rate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, the Web of Science and the Cochrane databases to determine the articles treated with SBRT in early-stage NSCLC. Original studies with complete prescription dose information, tumor local control rate and other important parameters were screened and reported. Probit model in XLSTAT 2016 was used for regression analysis, and P < 0.05 was set as a statistically significant level.

RESULTS: After literature screening, 22 eligible studies were included in probit model regression analysis, involving 1861 patients. There is no significant dose effect relationship between nominal BED₁₀ and peripheral BED₁₀ versus 3 years local control probability. There were significant dose effect relationships between the center BED₁₀ and the average BED₁₀ versus the 3 years local control probability, with P values are 0.001 and < 0.0001, respectively. According to the results of this model, the 3 years local control rate of 90.5% (87.5-92.1%) and 89.5% (86.7-91.0%) can be expected at the center BED₁₀ of 180 Gy or the average BED₁₀ of 140 Gy, prospectively.

CONCLUSIONS: For NSCLC treated with SBRT, more attention should be paid to the central dose and average dose of PTV. A set of clear definition in the dose prescription should be established to ensure the effectiveness and comparability of treatment.

PMID:36564845 | DOI:10.1186/s13014-022-02183-3