Category: Statistics

Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2025 Aug 26;78:102969. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2025.102969. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile chemotherapy drug guide application, ChemoNurse, developed for cancer nurses, in improving their knowledge and attitudes toward chemotherapy practices.

METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with a repeated-measures design was conducted with 59 nurses (29 intervention, 30 control) who participated. Nurses in the intervention group used the ChemoNurse mobile application for six months, while the control group received no additional intervention. Data was collected using the Chemotherapy Practice Knowledge Scale and the Attitude Scale for Chemotherapy Practices at baseline, 3rd month, and 6th month. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA to examine group, time, and interaction effects.

RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in the intervention group compared to the control group in total knowledge scores (p < 0.001). Subscale analyses revealed significant time effects in domains such as Creating a Safe Environment (p < 0.001), and Procurement and Administration of Chemotherapy Drugs (p < 0.001). The Treatment Planning and Patient Education subscale showed significant group (p < 0.001) and interaction effects (p < 0.001). In terms of attitudes, the intervention group demonstrated a significant decrease in negative attitudes (p < 0.001) and a significant increase in positive attitudes (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: The ChemoNurse mobile application significantly improved cancer nurses’ knowledge and professional attitudes regarding chemotherapy administration. These findings highlight the potential of mobile technologies as effective, scalable tools for enhancing clinical competence and supporting safe, evidence-based cancer nursing practice.

PMID:40921109 | DOI:10.1016/j.ejon.2025.102969

JMIR Cancer. 2025 Sep 8;11:e73843. doi: 10.2196/73843.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Disparities in cancer burden between transgender and cisgender individuals remain an underexplored area of research.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the cumulative incidence and associated risk factors for cancer and precancerous conditions among transgender individuals compared with matched cisgender individuals.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using patient-level electronic health record (EHR) data from the University of Florida Health Integrated Data Repository between 2012 and 2023. Transgender individuals were identified using a validated, computable phenotype algorithm that used structured data and clinical notes. They matched 1:10:10 by age and calendar year of index date with cisgender women and cisgender men. The index date was the first transgender-related record for transgender individuals and a matched diagnosis date for cisgender controls. Primary outcomes included new-onset cancers associated with human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, tobacco, alcohol, lung, breast, and colorectal sites. Secondary outcomes were precancerous conditions related to the same cancer types. We calculated cumulative incidence rates and conducted time-to-event analyses using the Fine-Gray method, treating all-cause death as a competing risk, to assess associations between gender identity and the presence of cancer or precancer, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Interaction analyses evaluated if associations between cancer risk factors and precancer differed by gender identity.

RESULTS: We identified 2745 transgender individuals (mean age at index date 25.1, SD 14.0 years) and matched them with 27,450 cisgender women and 27,450 cisgender men from the same health care system. The cumulative incidence of cancer did not differ significantly between transgender and cisgender cohorts (transgender n=28, 1.0% vs cisgender women, n=358, 1.3%; P=.13 and cisgender men, n=314, 1.1%; P=.64). However, transgender individuals exhibited significantly higher risks for precancerous conditions compared to cisgender women (subdistribution hazard ratios [sHRs] 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.3) and cisgender men (sHR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2-1.5). Specifically, transgender individuals were more likely to develop colorectal precancer (sHR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.4) compared to cisgender women, as well as human papillomavirus-related precancer (sHR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.3) and colorectal precancer (sHR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.6) compared to cisgender men. Subgroup analyses showed similar patterns in both female-to-male and male-to-female individuals compared with their matched cisgender counterparts. Interaction analyses revealed stronger protective effects of private insurance or Medicare against precancers in transgender individuals than in cisgender peers, while being non-Hispanic Black or having substantial comorbidities were stronger risk factors among transgender individuals.

CONCLUSIONS: Transgender individuals showed a similar cancer incidence yet significantly higher precancer incidence compared with cisgender individuals, suggesting underdiagnosis or delayed detection. These findings highlight the need for tailored preventive care strategies, including targeted screenings and risk reduction interventions, to address cancer disparities in the transgender population.

PMID:40921087 | DOI:10.2196/73843

JMIR Res Protoc. 2025 Sep 8;14:e72370. doi: 10.2196/72370.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Approximately 69% of Americans with spinal cord injury (SCI) have neuropathic pain. Research suggests that impairments in mental body representations (MBRs; ie, representations of the body in the brain) likely contribute to neuropathic pain. Clinical trials in adults with SCI, focused on restoring MBR, led to improvements in sensation and movement as well as neuropathic pain relief. Scales measuring aspects of MBR exist, but none of them assess SCI-related MBR impairments.

OBJECTIVE: As our first aim, we will generate items for a new MBR scale for adults with SCI (the SCI-BodyMap). As our second aim, we will assess the interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, face validity, and utility of the SCI-BodyMap.

METHODS: Our preliminary work will encompass initial item generation by SB, an Italian physical therapist (PT) specialized in cognitive multisensory rehabilitation, which is a therapeutic approach that focuses on restoring MBR in adults with neurological disorders and chronic pain. Further item refinements will be carried out by Italian PTs (n=7) and Brazilian PTs (n=3) specialized in cognitive multisensory rehabilitation. In aim 1, American PTs or occupational therapists (n=8) and adults with SCI (n=8) will provide feedback on the SCI-BodyMap. Next, American PTs or occupational therapists (n=3) will administer the SCI-BodyMap to adults with SCI (n=3) and provide more feedback during an in-person visit. In aim 2, four assessors will administer the SCI-BodyMap to adults with SCI (n=30) for interrater reliability. The self-report items will be administered at 2 separate time points to assess test-retest reliability. We will also administer the SCI-BodyMap to uninjured adults (n=30) to identify whether healthy adults score statistically different on the scale than adults with SCI. We will assess concurrent validity through correlations between the MBR scale, the Revised Body Awareness Rating Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-2.

RESULTS: As of August 2025, we have enrolled 8 PTs or occupational therapists and 8 adults with SCI for aim 1 as well as 29 adults with SCI and 13 uninjured adults for aim 2.

CONCLUSIONS: A reliable and valid MBR scale is needed to identify MBR deficits and evaluate intervention effects on MBR outcomes in adults with SCI. Improving MBR can lead to safer, more efficient day-to-day activities (eg, transfers); promote functional independence and quality of life; reduce neuropathic pain and spasms; and improve sensorimotor function.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/72370.

PMID:40921071 | DOI:10.2196/72370

JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2025 Sep 8;11:e70045. doi: 10.2196/70045.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Neighborhoods resulting from rapid urbanization processes are often saturated with eateries for local communities, potentially increasing exposure to unhealthy foods and creating diabetogenic residential habitats.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between proximity of commercial food outlets to local neighborhood residences and type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases to explore how local T2D rates vary by location and provide policy-driven metrics to monitor food outlet density as a potential control for high local T2D rates.

METHODS: This cross-sectional ecological study included 11,354 patients with active T2D aged ≥20 years geocoded using approximate neighborhood residence aggregated to area-level rates and counts by subdistricts (mukims) in Penang, northern Malaysia. We used the National Diabetes Registry complemented with data from medical records across 29 primary care clinics throughout the state. Food establishment data were retrieved from the Open Data Portal sourced through the Penang GeoHub, and urbanization indicators were retrieved from MyCensus 2020. We executed point-level proximity- and density-based area-level analysis through multimodel aspatial and spatial regression methods.

RESULTS: Our final hierarchical linear regression revealed that the distance to food complexes, hawker markets, kopitiams (a type of coffee shop), 24-7 convenience stores, fast food outlets, and public markets showed statistically significant associations (P<.05) with the age and BMI of patients with T2D. In the multiscale geographically weighted regression model, the adjusted R² values ranged from 0.15 to 0.62, with lower values observed across the mainland. The multiscale geographically weighted regression model yielded average β coefficients for densities of kopitiams (β=0.256), fast food outlets (β=-0.061), 24-7 convenience stores (β=0.028), supermarkets (β=0.122), public markets (β=0.067), and nasi kandar (a type of rice dish) restaurants (β=-0.064), urban growth rate (β=0.189), and population density (β=-0.080; t_65.835≥1.96 in all cases). We established population-attributable fractions suggesting that, if local neighborhoods underwent township restructuring to remove food complexes, hawker markets, or kopitiams, an estimated reduction of 0.21%, 0.27%, and 0.09%, respectively, in the risk of T2D cases in Penang would be anticipated. However, if local neighborhoods underwent township restructuring to add hawker complexes, nasi kandar restaurants, fast food outlets, 24-7 convenience stores, public markets, or supermarkets, an estimated reduction of between 0.07% and 0.64% in the number of residents with risk of T2D was estimated.

CONCLUSIONS: The reported variations provide insights into the associations between high neighborhood T2D rates and the density of a range of food outlets. We observed that these associations varied by place, providing insight into potential monitoring and policy considerations. This work provides evidence for interpretation at the individual and aggregate levels, shifting public health interventions from a generic to a targeted approach and prompting township planners to restructure food outlet accessibility or availability in local neighborhoods and to develop health behavior interventions for local communities for healthy food purchase and consumption.

PMID:40921070 | DOI:10.2196/70045

J Med Internet Res. 2025 Sep 8;27:e79080. doi: 10.2196/79080.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual (LGBTQIA+) researchers and participants frequently encounter hostility in virtual environments, particularly on social media platforms where public commentary on research advertisements can foster stigmatization. Despite a growing body of work on researcher virtual hostility, little empirical research has examined the actual content and emotional tone of public responses to LGBTQIA+-focused research recruitment.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the thematic patterns and sentiment of social media comments directed at LGBTQIA+ research recruitment advertisements, in order to better understand how virtual stigma is communicated and how it may impact both researchers and potential participants.

METHODS: A total of 994 publicly visible Facebook comments posted in response to LGBTQIA+ recruitment advertisements (January to April 2024) were collected and analyzed. Text preprocessing included tokenization, stop-word removal, and lemmatization. Latent Dirichlet allocation was used to identify latent themes across the dataset. Sentiment analysis was conducted using the Bing Liu and National Research Council lexicons, with scores ranging from -1 (most negative) to 1 (most positive). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count was used to quantify psychological and moral language features. Comments were also manually coded into four audience target groups (researchers, LGBTQIA+ community, general public, and other commenters), and language category differences were analyzed using 1-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni corrections.

RESULTS: Topic modeling identified three key themes: (1) “Transitions, Health, and Gender Dysphoria,” (2) “Polarized Debate and Response,” and (3) “Religious and Ideological Debates.” Topic 2 had the highest average prevalence (average γ=0.486, SD 0.21). Sentiment analysis revealed negative mean sentiment scores for all three topics: Topic 1 (-0.41, SD 0.48), Topic 2 (-0.21, SD 0.44), and Topic 3 (-0.35, SD 0.46). No topic exhibited a statistically significant predominance of positive sentiment. A 1-way ANOVA showed significant differences in linguistic tone across target groups: negative tone (F_3,990=12.84; P<.001), swearing (F_3,990=16.07; P<.001), and anger-related language (F_3,990=9.45; P<.001), with the highest levels found in comments directed at researchers. Comments targeting LGBTQIA+ individuals showed higher references to mental illness, morality, and threats to children. While affirming responses were less frequent and typically appeared within confrontational contexts, their presence highlights significant moments of solidarity and resistance.

CONCLUSIONS: This study documents a persistently hostile virtual environment for LGBTQIA+ research, where researchers are frequently dehumanized and LGBTQIA+ identities are pathologized. These findings reinforce stigma communication models and suggest a need for institutional responses that include mental health support, enhanced moderation tools, and policy advocacy. Future research should investigate how hostile discourse affects researchers’ well-being and recruitment outcomes, and evaluate interventions to foster more respectful engagement with LGBTQIA+ studies.

PMID:40921069 | DOI:10.2196/79080

J Med Internet Res. 2025 Sep 8;27:e76849. doi: 10.2196/76849.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Older adults are more vulnerable to severe consequences caused by seasonal influenza. Although seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) is effective and free vaccines are available, the SIV uptake rate remained inadequate among people aged 65 years or older in Hong Kong, China. There was a lack of studies evaluating ChatGPT in promoting vaccination uptake among older adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ChatGPT with retrieval-augmented generation in increasing SIV uptake among older adults over a 3-month study period in Hong Kong, China. Participants in an ongoing observational cohort study conducted in the same period served as the comparison group.

METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted between November 2024 and April 2025. Participants were (1) aged ≥65 years, (2) possessed a Hong Kong ID, (3) able to speak and comprehend Cantonese, (4) smartphone users, and (5) had no SIV uptake for the approaching flu season. Those with a diagnosis of cognitive impairment or dementia, blindness or deafness, or known contraindications to the SIV were excluded. Participants were recruited through random telephone calls. There were 45 and 55 participants in the SIV-ChatGPT group and the comparison group, respectively. All participants completed follow-up surveys at T1 (1 month after the baseline survey, for the SIV-ChatGPT group only) and T2 (3 months after the baseline survey, for both groups). Participants in the SIV-ChatGPT group gained access to SIV-ChatGPT in the format of a web-based app after completion of the baseline survey. They could use SIV-ChatGPT repeatedly throughout a 1-month intervention period and were free to spend as much time as they wanted with SIV-ChatGPT. Intention-to-treat analysis was used for outcome analyses.

RESULTS: At T2, the SIV uptake rate was higher in the SIV-ChatGPT group than the comparison group (15/45, 33% vs 8/55, 14.3%; adjusted odds ratio 2.72, 95% CI 1.01-7.35, P=.048). All participants were able to provide receipts to validate their SIV uptake. In the SIV-ChatGPT group, 40.5% (15/37) of participants who used SIV-ChatGPT at least once reported a SIV uptake at T2, which was significantly higher than nonusers (0/8, 0%; P=.04). Among the 37 SIV-ChatGPT users, the mean score of the System Usability Scale was 67.1 (SD 14.9). Levels of subjective behavioral and cognitive engagement with SIV-ChatGPT were relatively high, while the affective engagement was moderate.

CONCLUSIONS: SIV-ChatGPT was feasible and acceptable and demonstrated preliminary effectiveness in increasing SIV uptake among people aged 65 years or older. This study also provided implications to improve the performance of SIV-ChatGPT. A full-powered randomized controlled trial should be considered to evaluate its efficacy.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06679647; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06679647.

PMID:40921067 | DOI:10.2196/76849

JMIR Form Res. 2025 Sep 8;9:e76782. doi: 10.2196/76782.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Delayed discharge among older patients presents a major challenge for the efficiency of health service delivery. Prolonged hospitalizations limit bed turnover, increase costs, and reduce the availability of hospital resources. In Japan, older adults must undergo a formal care needs certification process to access public long-term care (LTC) services. Initiating this process during hospitalization is considered ideal for ensuring continuity of care. However, the relationship between the timing of LTC certification applications and hospital length of stay (LOS) remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between the timing of LTC certification applications-specifically those submitted during hospitalization-and average LOS among older inpatients across Japanese prefectures.

METHODS: We conducted an ecological cross-sectional analysis using data from all 47 prefectures in Japan for fiscal year 2020. The exposure variable was the proportion of LTC certification applications submitted during hospitalization among all new LTC applications in each prefecture. Exposure data were sourced from the Long-Term Care Database Open Data (Kaigo DB Open Data). The outcome was average LOS among individuals aged ≥65 years at the prefectural level from the 2020 Patient Survey. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between the exposure and outcome variables adjusting for relevant covariates. Prefecture-level covariates included proportion of residents living alone, with cognitive decline, or with higher dependency; the proportion requiring dialysis or a respirator before application; the number of health care providers per 100 beds; and the number of nursing and care home beds per 1000 LTC recipients. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using alternative LOS data sources (eg, 2018 and 2020 Hospital Report and 2017 Patient Survey).

RESULTS: The median proportion of in-hospital LTC certification applications was 30.5% (IQR 24.5%-36.1%). The median LOS for older adults was 40 (IQR 37-45.5; range 30-82) days. Prefectures with a higher proportion of in-hospital applications had substantially longer average LOSs. In univariate analysis, the association was statistically significant (β=0.04; P=.003), indicating that a 1% increase in in-hospital applications was associated with an approximately 2-day increase in average LOS. This association remained statistically significant after adjustment for all covariates in multivariate models (β=0.06; P=.04). Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: Although initiating LTC certification during hospitalization is essential for supporting timely discharge, our findings indicate a positive association with extended hospital stays. This may reflect systemic delays in the certification process. Even with ideal discharge planning, such delays could extend hospitalization and lead to suboptimal allocation of health care resources. As this study was ecological in design, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further individual-level data research is warranted to clarify the mechanisms and inform strategies for improving transitional care efficiency in aging populations.

PMID:40921066 | DOI:10.2196/76782

JMIR Hum Factors. 2025 Sep 8;12:e67476. doi: 10.2196/67476.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The rapid advancement of next-generation sequencing has significantly expanded the landscape of precision medicine. However, health care professionals face increasing challenges in keeping pace with the growing body of oncological knowledge and integrating it effectively into clinical workflows. Precision oncology decision support (PODS) tools aim to assist clinicians in navigating this complexity, yet their current functionalities only partially address clinical needs. A lack of comprehensive needs assessment may result in unaddressed requirements, limiting the effectiveness of these tools in real-world practice.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore clinicians’ needs and expectations regarding the functionalities of integrated PODS tools, providing insights into essential features that could enhance their usability and impact.

METHODS: We conducted a qualitative investigation at Peking University Cancer Hospital to explore clinicians’ needs and expectations for the functions of integrated PODS tools. Data were collected through 143 structured participant observations during multidisciplinary team meetings and 17 in-depth semistructured interviews with a diverse group of oncology specialists, including physicians, surgeons, molecular biologists, radiotherapists, radiologists, and pathologists. Thematic analysis was applied to identify key functional requirements, and a requirements framework was formed.

RESULTS: Three overarching functional needs emerged: (1) better access to oncological knowledge, including support for therapy selection (guidelines, conferences, and consensuses), clinical trials, drug and treatment information, and complex case knowledge, as well as improved diagnostic and prognostic insights; (2) clinical contextualization and resource navigation, referring to the process of contextualizing scientific knowledge within real-world clinical settings, including access to clinical trials and drugs, along with predictive models for treatment response; and (3) support abilities in the decision-making process, highlighting the need for integration of flexible biological knowledge and phenotypic data; automated patient information synthesis; improved data visualization; and optimized retrieval, recommendation, and question-answering functionalities. A functional framework for integrated PODS tools was proposed based on these findings.

CONCLUSIONS: The study conducted a qualitative descriptive observation and interview in the use, needs of integrated PODS tools. PODS tools serve as complex, multilevel decision support systems. A clear understanding of clinicians’ actual needs is crucial for their refinement and practical adoption. By capturing perspectives directly from oncology professionals, this study provides actionable insights into the functional enhancements required for PODS tools, ultimately aiming to bridge the gap between genomic advancements and clinical decision-making in precision oncology.

PMID:40921061 | DOI:10.2196/67476

JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2025 Sep 8;8:e71433. doi: 10.2196/71433.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Alone time with health care providers is critical for adolescents, and several professional organizations recommend it. Alone time with providers promotes better utilization of health services, empowers adolescents to manage their health, and facilitates discussions on sensitive issues. However, only 40% of adolescents have private conversations with clinicians during visits. The advancement of mobile health technology provides an excellent opportunity to deliver effective interventions to promote adolescent-provider alone time with adolescents, parents, and providers.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study aims to explore the preliminary efficacy of a technology-based intervention designed to increase alone time with providers during well-adolescent visits and its impact on trustworthiness, parent-adolescent communication, sexual risk communication, parental monitoring, and parental support before and after the intervention.

METHODS: A pre- and postintervention design was used. Participants were recruited through local clinics. After obtaining consent, participants accessed a study website to complete a baseline survey, independently interact with 4 educational modules on a website or cellphone, and complete a post-test survey 1 month after their well-adolescent visits. The surveys assessed alone time with providers, trustworthiness, parent-adolescent communication, sexual risk communication, parental monitoring, and parental support. Mixed model analysis and effect sizes were used to evaluate changes in these outcomes from pre- to postintervention.

RESULTS: Thirty-two dyads (38 adolescents and 32 mothers) participated in this pilot study. About 86% (n=33) of adolescents and 87% (n=28) of mothers completed the pre- and post-test assessments and the intervention. This study found a trend toward an increase in alone time from 81.6% to 84.4%, albeit not statistically significant. Adolescents initiating alone time with providers rose from 6.45% (n=2) to 18.5% (n=5). Over 90% (n=26) of adolescents reported feeling comfortable in one-on-one interactions with providers postintervention. Mixed model analysis revealed significant improvements among adolescents in parental monitoring (z=2.93, P<.001), sexual risk communication (z=3.11, P<.001), parent-adolescent communication (z=3.11, P<.001), open family communication (z=2.00, P=.04), and parental support (z=2.87, P<.001). For mothers, significant improvements were found in parental monitoring (z=2.45, P<.001) and problem family communication (z=2.24, P=.03).

CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrates promising results regarding the preliminary efficacy of a technology-based intervention to increase alone time with providers during well-adolescent visits and to enhance communication and parenting practices. Improving access to alone time and strengthening communication between parents and adolescents facilitates discussions about sensitive topics, including parental monitoring, sexual and reproductive health, and may strengthen overall satisfaction with health care.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07064070; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07064070.

PMID:40921058 | DOI:10.2196/71433

Dis Esophagus. 2025 Oct 1;38(5):doaf071. doi: 10.1093/dote/doaf071.

ABSTRACT

Clinical practice guidelines for esophagogastric junction cancer (EGJ GLs) were published in 2023. In order to evaluate how EGJ GLs have been adopted into clinical practice worldwide and to identify any outstanding clinical questions to be addressed in the next edition, this survey was conducted. An electronic questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire comprised 16 questions designed to assess the adoption of the guideline. Responses were collected online. The survey was conducted by the EGJ working group of International Gastric Cancer Association (IGCA) following approval from the guideline committee of The International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus (ISDE). As results, we received 344 valid and complete responses. 55% of respondents were from East Asia followed by Europe, Central/South America, and Central/West Asia. 80% of respondents recognized and followed the guidelines to some extent. There was still diversity in the extent of lymphadenectomy for EGJ cancers with an esophageal invasion of 2-4 cm. Although white light imaging (WLE) alone was recommended in the EGJ GLs, both WLE and image enhanced endoscopy were used in 86% of respondents. The perioperative treatment was shown to be highly diverse worldwide. While 50% of respondents provided perioperative chemotherapy, preoperative chemotherapy without adjuvant treatment and upfront surgery were still the first treatment option in 15% of respondents. In conclusion, the current survey conducted by IGCA and ISDE identified the current standard and remaining issues of EGJ cancers.

PMID:40921057 | DOI:10.1093/dote/doaf071