Category: Statistics

Theory Biosci. 2026 Jul 30;145(3):41. doi: 10.1007/s12064-026-00468-9.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study is to obtain the numerical solutions of the fractional double-strain HIV co-infection model with intercellular delays and stochastic effects (FDS-HIV-IDS) by employing a novel radial basis neural network with Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation (RBNN-LMB). The nonlinear model accounts for multiple interacting populations, and logistic growth is introduced to describe the interaction between wild-type and drug-resistant HIV strains. The analysis of the model considers threshold criteria for both local and global stability of infection-free, dominant, and coexistence equilibria. The nonlinear model incorporates multiple interacting groups, and its numerical solutions are approximated through the stochastic RBNN-LMB framework. Consequently, double-strain dynamics transition from stability to instability (periodic oscillations to chaos) more frequently and at earlier stages. This also leads to a higher total viral load compared to single-strain scenarios, highlighting the greater risk of treatment failure when resistance emerges. A dataset is generated using the numerical predictor-corrector method, where the data are split into 75% for training and 10% for validation and 15% for testing, in order to minimize the mean square error (MSE). The solver architecture consists of fifteen hidden neurons, a single input structure, and a radial basis activation function to approximate the system dynamics effectively. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated through the overlapping of predicted and reference outputs, while the very small absolute error (AE) values confirm its precision. Furthermore, statistical evaluations using different operators support the reliability and robustness of the proposed approach.

PMID:42533137 | DOI:10.1007/s12064-026-00468-9

Nat Genet. 2026 Jul 30. doi: 10.1038/s41588-026-02665-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Evolution has used cell-cell communication as a strategy to coordinate organ development, enabling the reproducible generation of intricate structures. Classically, these interactions have been studied one at a time in model organisms, limiting our understanding of how cellular interplay coordinates human development. We investigated human kidney development using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, analyzing over 700,000 cells. By mapping gene expression and differentiation trajectories in space, we define the spatial organization of kidney development. Our analysis revealed unrecognized plasticity, showing that cell fate established during early patterning can be later revised. This plasticity provides a potential mechanism for how cell fate is robustly established in complex patterned tissues. Additionally, through a genome-wide, spatially aware cell-cell interaction analysis, we link localized ligand signals to cell fate decisions. We also define biologically meaningful cellular neighborhoods based on aggregated extracellular cues, providing a blueprint to understand the coordination of human development at scale.

PMID:42533102 | DOI:10.1038/s41588-026-02665-0

Nat Comput Sci. 2026 Jul 30. doi: 10.1038/s43588-026-01016-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Understanding gene spatial expression and the organization of multicellular systems is vital for disease diagnosis and studying biological processes. However, existing models often struggle to integrate gene expression data with cellular spatial information effectively. Here we introduce SpatialFormer, a hybrid framework combining convolutional networks and transformers to learn single-cell multimodal and multiscale information in the niche context, including expression data and subcellular gene spatial distribution. Pretrained on 700 million cell pairs from 17 million spatially resolved single cells across 71 Xenium slides, SpatialFormer merges gene spatial expression profiles with cell niche information via the pairwise training strategy. Our findings demonstrate that SpatialFormer distills biological signals across various tasks, including single-cell batch correction, cell-type annotation and co-localization detection. The perturbation analysis identified gene pairs essential for the immune cell-cell communication in pulmonary fibrosis, epithelial-myoepithelial co-localization and tumor transition signals in breast cancer. These advancements enhance our understanding of cellular dynamics and offer additional pathways for applications in biomedical research.

PMID:42533054 | DOI:10.1038/s43588-026-01016-7

Nutrition. 2026 Jun 30;151:113348. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2026.113348. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Nutritional care is essential for improving clinical outcomes in people with cancer, and communicating with healthcare professionals about clinical nutrition is fundamental for effective nutritional management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of healthcare professionals and patients regarding nutritional care in oncology, including the role of nutritionists, professional practices, and patient experiences.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study included healthcare professionals and patients from public and private oncology institutions. Data were collected using semistructured questionnaires. Professionals were questioned regarding criteria related to identifying nutritional risk, conducting assessments, and recommending nutritional therapy. Patients reported their perceptions of nutritional care, prior nutritional counseling, adherence to recommendations, and willingness to pay for consultations. Quantitative variables were expressed as frequencies, percentages, means ± standard deviations, medians, and ranges. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: The study included healthcare professionals (n = 130) and patients (n = 360). Most professionals acknowledged the need and relevance of nutritional care during cancer treatment, but reported assessing the nutritional status of patients based primarily on body weight. Although 81.4% of physicians could identify patients at nutritional risk, 31.4% relied primarily on weight loss and body mass index as the main criteria, suggesting potential limitations in the methods used. Patients in both systems recognized the importance of nutritional care, although 7.3% did not follow recommendations of dietitians, citing a lack of dietary novelty.

CONCLUSIONS: Professionals and patients recognize the importance of nutritional care and the role of dietitians in oncology; however, gaps remain in translating this recognition into practice.

PMID:42531663 | DOI:10.1016/j.nut.2026.113348

J Oral Biosci. 2026 Jul 30;68(5):100802. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2026.100802. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic performance, feature-level agreement, and error patterns of a multimodal large language model (MLLM) across the oral dysplasia-malignancy continuum.

METHODS: In this retrospective diagnostic accuracy study, 300 histopathology images representing normal oral mucosa (n = 100), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) (n = 100), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (n = 100) were evaluated using a standardized two-stage prompting framework consisting of morphological feature extraction followed by structured diagnostic classification. Reference diagnoses were established by three experienced oral pathologists. Interobserver agreement among pathologists was assessed using Fleiss’ κ statistics. Primary outcomes included overall accuracy, macro-F1 score, and balanced accuracy. Secondary outcomes included feature-level agreement, confidence-accuracy alignment, and clinically significant error patterns.

RESULTS: Interobserver agreement among the reference pathologists was substantial for the primary three-class diagnosis (Fleiss’ κ = 0.81). Overall accuracy was 0.667 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.620-0.727), with a macro-F1 score of 0.662 and balanced accuracy of 0.755. Performance varied substantially across diagnostic categories, with high sensitivity for normal mucosa (0.990; 95% CI: 0.968-1.000). Reduced sensitivities were observed for OPMD (0.430; 95% CI: 0.340-0.531) and OSCC (0.580; 95% CI: 0.495-0.688), indicating reduced discriminative ability relative to normal mucosa. Feature-level agreement was generally low, with the weakest agreement for architectural dysplasia features (κ = -0.116 to -0.068), slight agreement for invasion-related features (κ = 0.111-0.120), and the highest agreement was for nuclear hyperchromasia (κ = 0.281). Most misclassifications (84.8%) occurred at the dysplasia-malignancy interface. Proxy calibration analysis demonstrated systematic overconfidence in the histopathological predictions.

CONCLUSIONS: The MLLM demonstrated moderate performance in oral histopathology, with reliable recognition of normal tissue and reduced discriminative ability for OPMD and OSCC relative to normal mucosa, particularly at the dysplasia-malignancy interface. These findings support a potential assistive role under expert supervision while highlighting important limitations in clinically critical diagnostic settings.

PMID:42531661 | DOI:10.1016/j.job.2026.100802

J Inorg Biochem. 2026 Jul 24;284:113417. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2026.113417. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chiral coordination complexes continue to attract interest as potential therapeutic agents, yet their stereochemical properties are rarely examined with the rigor now standard in organic drug discovery. Here we investigate whether the Δ and Λ enantiomers of the highly potent Ru(II) oligothienyl photosensitizer ML19G01 exhibit intrinsic differences in photobiological activity. Five independently synthesized batches of rac-ML19G01 were separated by direct chiral chromatography on a functionalized cyclofructan-6 (CF6-RN) stationary phase using both LC and sub/supercritical fluid chromatography. Enantiomeric excess was established by analytical chiral HPLC, absolute configuration was assigned by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD)/DFT comparison, and removal of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), triethylamine (TEA), and counterion impurities was verified by ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR. Enantiomeric integrity under illumination was confirmed to exclude photoracemization. Across 24 independent photobiological assays performed over several years in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells, Δ- and Λ-ML19G01 displayed statistically indistinguishable dark and light EC₅₀ values and phototherapeutic indices. Although individual experiments occasionally suggested enhanced potency of one enantiomer, these differences were not reproducible and were not supported by ANOVA/Tukey analysis. Small deviations observed for the racemate arose from non-stereochemical factors, including polymorphism, differential purification histories, and statistical averaging. These results demonstrate that ML19G01 does not exhibit meaningful enantiospecific photobiological behavior and provide practical recommendations for the preparation, characterization, and biological evaluation of chiral coordination complexes.

PMID:42531660 | DOI:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2026.113417

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2026 Jun 30;43(2):244-250. doi: 10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.15834.

ABSTRACT

With the objective of describing the characteristics and comparing the need with the previous utilization of rehabilitation services in children with cerebral palsy at a referral hospital in Peru, a descriptive study was conducted through the review of medical records of 86 patients treated during 2024. It was found that 41.8% did not attend any educational institution and 44.2% did not have a disability certificate; among those who had one, the mean time to obtain it was 4.9 years. Less than half had a pelvic radiograph, despite hip dislocation being a frequent comorbidity. Although the majority required rehabilitation therapies, their coverage was limited, especially in occupational therapy and speech/swallowing therapy. Likewise, more than half of those who required botulinum toxin had not received it. These findings demonstrate significant discrepancies between the need and previous utilization of rehabilitation services in this population.

PMID:42531588 | DOI:10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.15834

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2026 Jun 16;43(2):197-206. doi: 10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.15609.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the frequency of nasal carriers of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) among healthcare personnel of the Red de Salud Huamanga (Ayacucho, Peru) between October and November 2024.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study in 265 healthcare workers, recruited by convenience sampling. Nasal swabs were cultured on mannitol salt agar, MRSA was confirmed by cefoxitin disk diffusion (EUCAST v14.0 2024: diameter <22 mm). Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was recorded by structured questionnaire. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated.

RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 14.0% (37/265) of the participants. Of these isolates, 64.9% (24/37) were MRSA, representing a frequency of 9.1% (24/265). Of the total Staphylococcus aureus carriers, MRSA isolates were more frequent in interns/trainees (18.9%; 7/37) and nurses (16.2%; 6/37). Outpatient clinics (27.0%; 10/37) and emergency (13.5%; 5/37) concentrated the highest number of carriers. High resistance to erythromycin was observed in MRSA (70.8%) and in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (84.6%).

CONCLUSIONS: In the studied sample, approximately one in ten healthcare workers was a nasal carrier of MRSA. Given the convenience sampling, the findings should not be extrapolated as population prevalence. Strengthening the use of PPE, hand hy-giene, and microbiological surveillance are priority measures to reduce transmission.

PMID:42531582 | DOI:10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.15609

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2026 Jun 30;43(2):189-196. doi: 10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.16064.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between intimate partner violence and alexithymia in pregnant women treated at two hospitals in Cusco, 2025.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted, which included 286 pregnant women treated in the outpatient clinics of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Hospital Antonio Lorena and Hospital Regional del Cusco between February and April 2025. Direct interviews were applied using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST). Statistical analysis was performed using the generalized linear model (GLM) with Poisson distribution, logarithmic link function, and robust variance, calculating adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR).

RESULTS: 286 pregnant women were included. 71.7% presented alexithymia and 55.6% reported intimate partner violence (IPV). The study reveals that the prevalence of alexithymia was 50% higher in pregnant women with IPV (aPR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.26-1.79; p<0.001), adjusted for origin, educational level, employment status, economic situation, number of gestations, and pregnancy planning.

CONCLUSIONS: Intimate partner violence was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of alexithymia in pregnant women treated at two hospitals in Cusco. Pregnant women exposed to violence showed a 50% higher prevalence of alexithymia, even after adjusting for sociodemographic and obstetric variables.

PMID:42531581 | DOI:10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.16064

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2026 Jun 25;43(2):171-178. doi: 10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.15175.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To explore gender disparity in the development of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in Peru.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive and observational study was conducted. An electronic search for Peruvian CPGs published from 2015 until July 30, 2024, was performed. Microsoft Excel was used for data collection and RStudio for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: 177 CPGs published between 2015 and 2024 were analyzed that reported information related to the CPG development group (CDG). In general, the CDGs included 1527 men (58.8%) and 1070 women (41.2%) among clinical experts and methodologists. Men predominated as clinical experts, especially in specialties such as internal medicine and surgery; while women predominated as methodologists. The specialty with the highest male predominance was internal medicine (61.8%).

CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed lower female participation in the development of CPGs in Peru, as well as greater gender disparity in participation in the surgical field and in public institutions. The low participation of women in leadership positions influences this gap. Strategies are required to improve gender equity.

PMID:42531579 | DOI:10.17843/rpmesp.2026.432.15175