Category: Statistics

J Vis. 2022 Jun 1;22(7):3. doi: 10.1167/jov.22.7.3.

ABSTRACT

Visual search is a complex behavior influenced by many factors. To control for these factors, many studies use highly simplified stimuli. However, the statistics of these stimuli are very different from the statistics of the natural images that the human visual system is optimized by evolution and experience to perceive. Could this difference change search behavior? If so, simplified stimuli may contribute to effects typically attributed to cognitive processes, such as selective attention. Here we use deep neural networks to test how optimizing models for the statistics of one distribution of images constrains performance on a task using images from a different distribution. We train four deep neural network architectures on one of three source datasets-natural images, faces, and x-ray images-and then adapt them to a visual search task using simplified stimuli. This adaptation produces models that exhibit performance limitations similar to humans, whereas models trained on the search task alone exhibit no such limitations. However, we also find that deep neural networks trained to classify natural images exhibit similar limitations when adapted to a search task that uses a different set of natural images. Therefore, the distribution of data alone cannot explain this effect. We discuss how future work might integrate an optimization-based approach into existing models of visual search behavior.

PMID:35675057 | DOI:10.1167/jov.22.7.3

J Periodontal Res. 2022 Jun 8. doi: 10.1111/jre.13021. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiological studies regarding the association between chronic periodontitis (CP) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and subclinical atherosclerosis have been inconclusive.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether CP is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in a large population-based cohort study conducted in northern Germany (the Hamburg City Health study).

METHODS: Baseline data from 5781 participants of the Hamburg City Health Study with complete oral health and carotid ultrasound data (50.7% female, mean age: 62.1 ± 8.4 years) were evaluated. A standardized duplex sonography of the carotid artery was performed with measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and atherosclerotic plaques. Oral health was assessed by recording the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the dental plaque index (PI). Correlations were tested for statistical significance by means of descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analyses.

RESULTS: Moderate and severe CP were associated with the prevalence of cIMT ≥ 1 mm (none or mild CP: 5.1%, moderate CP: 6.1%, severe CP: 10%) and mean cIMT (none or mild CP: 0.72 mm, moderate CP: 0.75 mm, severe CP: 0.78 mm) in bivariate analyses (p < .001). Additionally, severe and moderate CP were associated with higher prevalence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques (plaque = yes: none or mild CP: 23.9%, moderate CP: 29%, severe CP: 40.2%,). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, educational level, hypercholesterolemia, and hsCRP, severe CP still correlated significantly with cIMT and the prevalence of cIMT ≥1 mm and/or presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

CONCLUSION: In this study, severe CP was associated with increased cIMT and higher prevalence of carotid plaques independent of common risk factors.

PMID:35675038 | DOI:10.1111/jre.13021

Int Ophthalmol. 2022 Jun 8. doi: 10.1007/s10792-022-02227-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes and complications of simultaneous silicon oil removal (SOR) and phacoemulsification and intra ocular lens implantation.

METHODS: In this retrospective non-comparative case series, the visual, refractive and anatomical outcomes of patients who underwent combined phacoemulsification/silicone oil removal (5700 centistokes) surgery between 2017 and 2019 in a single center were evaluated.

RESULTS: Forty-four eyes of 44 patients (eighteen males) were included. The mean age of the patients was 51.45 ± 11.59 years. The primary pathology was tractional retinal detachment (TRD) secondary to diabetic retinopathy in 36 eyes and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in 8 eyes. The median time period between silicone oil tamponade and removal was 9 months. There was no statistically significant difference between best corrected visual acuity (-0.14 ± 0.69 LogMAR, p= 0.19) and intraocular pressure (p= 0.26) before and after the surgery. Mean post-operative spherical equivalent (SE) at last visit was 0.36 ± 1.64 which was different from the target refraction (- 0.5D). After cataract/SOR surgery, one eye (2.3%) developed retinal re-detachment in RRD patient. Vitreous hemorrhage occurred in nine eyes (20.5%) which all had TRD as the primary pathology.

CONCLUSION: Combined phacoemulsification, silicone oil and IOL implantation removal surgery seems to be a safe and useful procedure with high success rate and acceptable visual, refractive and anatomical outcomes.

PMID:35674997 | DOI:10.1007/s10792-022-02227-3

Magn Reson Chem. 2022 Jun 8. doi: 10.1002/mrc.5292. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

We preprocess the raw NMR spectrum and extract key features by using two different methodologies, called equidistant sampling and peak sampling for subsequent substructure pattern recognition. We also provide a strategy to address the imbalance issue frequently encountered in statistical modelling of NMR data set and establish two conventional SVM and KNN models to assess the capability of two feature selections, respectively. Our results in this study show that the models using the selected features of peak sampling outperform those using equidistant sampling. Then we build the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model trained by data collected from peak sampling. Furthermore, we illustrate the easier optimization of hyper parameters and the better generalization ability of the RNN deep learning model by detailed comparison with traditional machine learning SVM and KNN models.

PMID:35674984 | DOI:10.1002/mrc.5292

J Exp Orthop. 2022 Jun 8;9(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s40634-022-00495-7.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes, MRI imaging and histological characteristics of biopsy samples of the tendon from patients in whom rotator cuff repair was previously performed with a bioinductive type I bovine collagen implants.

METHODS: Prospective study of 30 patients with partial or complete rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic repair and augmentation with a resorbable type I bovine collagen implant. Preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months after surgery, the VAS, ASES and Constant-Murley scores were evaluated and an MRI study was performed. At 6 months, biopsies of the resulting tissue were obtained and examined histologically.

RESULTS: Patients experienced statistically significant and sustained improvement from baseline for all scores and the mean tendon thickness increased by 1.84 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of complete healing was found in 27 patients and a considerable reduction in defect size, greater than 50%, was shown in 3. In all samples obtained, the new tissue generated had the histological appearance of a tendon, and was indistinguishable from the native tendon. There was no evidence of any remaining collagen implant.

CONCLUSIONS: Biopsies of tissue formed from bioinductive type I bovine collagen implants showed, six months after surgery, the generation of a neotendon indistinguishable from the native one. Histology and MRI imaging, revealed complete integration of the implant and absence of inflammatory or foreign body reactions. The clinical parameters, thickness and MRI signal of the tendon improved significantly at 6 months, regardless of the type and size of the tear, and remained unchanged until 12 months.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

PMID:35674990 | DOI:10.1186/s40634-022-00495-7

Rheumatol Ther. 2022 Jun 8. doi: 10.1007/s40744-022-00460-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Sustained improvement of high degree in clinical outcomes have been demonstrated in phase 3 trials with secukinumab in both psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The objective of the SERENA study was to evaluate the effectiveness, retention rates, and safety of secukinumab in patients with PsA and AS.

METHODS: SERENA is an ongoing, longitudinal, real-world observational study involving patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis, PsA, or AS. Patients had received at least 16 weeks of secukinumab treatment before recruitment to the study. Retention rate was defined as percentage of patients who continued secukinumab treatment over the course of study. Effectiveness of secukinumab in AS and PsA cohorts was assessed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: The current interim analysis included 1004 patients with PsA or AS. Overall secukinumab retention rates at 2 years after enrolment were 74.9 and 78.9% in patients with PsA and AS, respectively. At baseline and at 2 years, swollen joint count [3.3 (5.8) vs. 2.9 (5.8)], tender joint count [6.3 (9.4) vs. 5.6 (7.2)] in patients with PsA and BASDAI scores [3.2 (2.3) vs. 2.9 (2.3)] in patients with AS, suggest sustained effectiveness for patients remaining on secukinumab for at least 2 years after enrolment. A total of 73 patients had treatment interruption; 78% of these patients reinitiated secukinumab without a loading dose. No new or unexpected safety signals were reported.

CONCLUSIONS: After more than 2 years since initiation, secukinumab demonstrated high retention rates and favorable safety profile as well as sustained effectiveness in patients who continued secukinumab treatment.

PMID:35674938 | DOI:10.1007/s40744-022-00460-x

Anal Sci. 2022 Jun 8. doi: 10.1007/s44211-022-00137-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system coupled with the Q-Exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) approach combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the metabolic profiles of the fruits of Lycium barbarum in different geographical origins in China. Several classes of compounds such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, polyphenols and alkaloid were identified in hydroalcoholic extracts, and ten differential metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and vitamins were identified by multivariate statistical method. It was discussed that the differences between organic acids and amino acids in the samples may be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation, soil and altitude. A total of 119 metabolic pathways were involved in the differential metabolites and 17 of them were retained for enrichment analysis. It was found that alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, purine metabolism, histidine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were the most important pathways. These findings play an important role in the origin tracing of the Lycium barbarum fruit.

PMID:35674936 | DOI:10.1007/s44211-022-00137-z

J Man Manip Ther. 2022 Jun 8:1-10. doi: 10.1080/10669817.2022.2082637. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSES: To compare the effectiveness of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and pressure algometry with sham ultrasound (control group) on the clinical measures of headache, pressure pain threshold (PPT) of upper trapezius and suboccipital muscles and cervical alignment in patients with tension type headache (TTH).

METHODS: Seventy-two patients with TTH of both genders were randomly allocated to 3 experimental groups: a) the IASTM group (n=24), b) pressure algometry group (n=24), and c) sham ultrasound control group (n=24). Headache frequency and disability, pressure pain threshold of upper trapezius and suboccipital muscles, cervical lordosis angle (CA) and anterior head translation (AHT) were measured four weeks before and after intervention. Moreover, headache frequency was followed up for two more weeks after intervention.

RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements (P <0.05; effect size ranges 1.1-1.9) were observed in all outcome measures following IASTM compared to the other two intervention methods. In the IASTM group, the headache frequency decreased from 15 to 2 days/month. Also, headache disability decreased from 19 to 10. Further, CA increased from 17.5° to 31.4° and AHT decreased from 24.1 to 15.5 mm. The pressure algometry group showed significantly lower headache frequency at the follow-up (P < 0.01) than the sham ultrasound control group. However, Similar findings in the other evaluated outcomes were found between the pressure algometry and sham ultrasound control groups (P ˃ 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate the effectiveness of IASTM in improving headache symptoms and cervical alignment in patients with TTH.

PMID:35674120 | DOI:10.1080/10669817.2022.2082637

J Vasc Access. 2022 Jun 8:11297298221075166. doi: 10.1177/11297298221075166. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To establish a multidisciplinary management model based on Delphi method to guide nursing practice and reduce the incidence of CVAD-associated Skin Impairment (CASI) in tumor patients.

METHODS: On the basis of literature review and focus group interview, the initial item pool of CASI management model for cancer patients was determined. The Delphi method was used to conduct two rounds of letter consultation with 36 authoritative and representative experts to determine the content and weight of indicators of CASI multidisciplinary management model for cancer patients.

RESULTS: Most of the research group were experts with bachelor degree or above. More than 90% of experts have worked for more than 10 years; Areas of expertise include oncology care, venous therapy, wound stomatology, and dermatology. The recovery rate of the two rounds of expert correspondence questionnaire was 100%. The authority coefficient of experts was 0.898, indicating a good degree of authority. Kendall’s harmony coefficients were 0.193 and 0.250, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). After two rounds of expert letter consultation, a multidisciplinary management model of CASI for cancer patients was initially formed, which included 15 first-level prevention indexes and 38 second-level prevention indexes of CASI for cancer patients. There were 9 first-level indexes and 16 second-level indexes of CASI treatment in tumor patients.

CONCLUSION: Cancer patients based on Delphi method to construct CASI multidisciplinary management model has high reliability and scientificity, multidisciplinary management model in the management of patients with tumor CASI exploration will provide new methods for central venous catheter nursing and the new way of thinking, will also be intravenous fluids will provide a scientific basis for professional development and quality improvement and practical experience.

PMID:35674111 | DOI:10.1177/11297298221075166

Psychol Med. 2022 Jun 8:1-13. doi: 10.1017/S0033291722001349. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite a large descriptive literature linking creativity and risk for psychiatric illness, the magnitude and specificity of this relationship remain controversial.

METHODS: We examined, in 1 137 354 native Swedes with one of 59 3-digit official and objective occupational codes in managerial and educated classes, their familial genetic risk score (FGRS) for ten major disorders, calculated from 1^st through 5^th degree relatives. Mean FGRS across disorders were calculated, in 3- and 4-digit occupational groups, and then controlled for those whose disorder onset preceded occupational choice. Using sequential analyses, p values were evaluated using Bonferroni correction.

RESULTS: 3-digit professions considered to reflect creativity (e.g. ‘artists’ and ‘authors’) were among those with statistically significant elevations of FGRS. Among more specific 4-digit codes, visual artists, actors, and authors stood out with elevated genetic risks, highest for major depression (MD), anxiety disorders (AD) and OCD, more modest for bipolar disorders (BD) and schizophrenia and, for authors, for drug and alcohol use disorders. However, equal or greater elevations in FGRS across disorders were seen for religious (e.g. ministers), helping (e.g. psychologists, social workers), and teaching/academic occupations (e.g. professors). The potential pathway from FGRS → Disorder → Occupation accounts for a modest proportion of the signal, largely for MD and AD risk.

CONCLUSIONS: While traditional creative occupations were associated with elevated genetic risk for a range of psychiatric disorders, this association was not unique, as similar, or greater elevations were seen for religious, helping and teaching professions and was stronger for internalizing than psychotic disorders.

PMID:35674100 | DOI:10.1017/S0033291722001349