Category: Statistics

JCO Oncol Pract. 2025 Sep 8:OP2500414. doi: 10.1200/OP-25-00414. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To examine associations between special education, chronic health conditions (CHCs), and college graduation in survivors of childhood cancer and their siblings.

METHODS: Childhood Cancer Survivor Study participants included 23,082 5-year survivors (53.7% male; median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 6 [3-13] years; age at evaluation, 31.0 [24-39] years; treated between 1970 and 1999) and 5,037 siblings (47.7% male; 36.0 [28-44] years at evaluation). Special education use, reasons for special education, CHCs, and college graduation were self-reported. Primary cancer diagnosis and treatment exposures were abstracted from medical records. Comparisons between survivors and siblings were made using chi-square statistics; demographic and treatment factors associated with outcomes were examined using modified Poisson regression models.

RESULTS: More survivors reported special education use than siblings (26.5% v 8.6%; relative risk [RR], 2.55 [95% CI, 2.32 to 2.80]). Of those survivors and siblings who had special education services, use was highest between kindergarten and fifth grade (64.4% of survivors and 71.9% of siblings in kindergarten-fifth grade, 14.4% of survivors and 12.5% of siblings in sixth-eighth grade, and 9.2% of survivors and 9.0% of siblings in ninth-12th grade), and primarily attributable to learning and concentration problems. Despite receiving special education, survivors were less likely to graduate college compared with siblings requiring special education (RR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.66 to 0.88]). Risk for not graduating college included history of CNS tumor (RR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.40 to 1.55]), cranial irradiation (20-29 Gy, RR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.25]; 30-49 Gy, RR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.26 to 1.49]; ≥50 Gy, RR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.28 to 1.42]), or the presence of a severe, disabling or life-threatening CHC (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3-4, RR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.24]).

CONCLUSION: Cognitive problems and CHCs increase risk for not graduating college; these problems are not alleviated by special education.

PMID:40920992 | DOI:10.1200/OP-25-00414

Cornea. 2025 Sep 8. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000003983. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual outcomes after bacterial keratitis (BK) and identify predictive factors for poor prognosis at a tertiary referral center in Southern California.

METHODS: This is a cross-sectional retrospective review of patients’ medical records with culture-positive BK at University of California Los Angeles from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019. Main outcome measure was change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 12 weeks posttreatment. Statistical analyses included ANOVA for independent populations, Pearson correlation, and binary logistic regression. P-value <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS: A total of 317 patients with 374 culture-positive cases were identified. Mean age was 62.1 ± 19.9 years, 52% were female, and 68.1% of isolates were Gram-positive. A total of 114 cases occurred during the summer months (June-August), and 29.8% had a history of contact lens wear, trauma, or systemic disease. Median symptom-to-presentation time was 3.5 days (range 1-60). Mean BCVA improved from 1.84 ± 0.91 at presentation to 1.40 ± 0.96 log of the minimum angle of resolution at 12 weeks (mean difference = 0.44, 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.53; P < 0.001). Increasing age correlated negatively with change in BCVA (Pearson β = -0.167, P < 0.008). Multivariate analysis identified age >60 years, presence of systemic comorbidities, and presenting BCVA >1.00 log of the minimum angle of resolution as predictors of poor visual outcome.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the largest contemporary analysis of BK in Southern California and establishes a clinically applicable risk stratification model. Older age, systemic comorbidities, and poor presenting vision were independently associated with worse visual outcomes. These findings support earlier identification of high-risk patients, tailored treatment strategies to improve visual prognosis and optimize care delivery in BK.

PMID:40920988 | DOI:10.1097/ICO.0000000000003983

J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2025 Sep 8:1-20. doi: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-24-00909. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Residual speech sound disorder (RSSD) is a high-prevalence condition that can limit children’s academic and social participation, with negative consequences for overall well-being. Previous studies have described visual biofeedback as a promising option for RSSD, but results have been inconclusive due to study design limitations and small sample sizes.

METHOD: In a preregistered randomized controlled trial, 108 children aged 9-15 years with RSSD affecting American English /ɹ/ were randomly assigned to receive treatment incorporating visual biofeedback (subdivided into ultrasound and visual-acoustic types) or a comparison condition of motor-based treatment consistent with current best practices in speech therapy. An acoustic measure (the distance between the second and third formants, which is smaller in perceptually accurate /ɹ/) was used to quantify progress in the first three sessions of treatment in participants’ assigned condition. The focus on the early stages of treatment was grounded in principles of motor learning: As a type of knowledge of performance feedback, biofeedback is expected to have its greatest impact during initial acquisition of a new speech-motor plan.

RESULTS: A linear mixed-effects regression model revealed a statistically significant interaction between treatment type and session: While both groups made progress over time, the rate of progress was significantly faster in the biofeedback condition compared to motor-based treatment. No statistically significant difference was observed between the ultrasound and visual-acoustic types of biofeedback.

DISCUSSION: This large-scale randomized controlled trial supports previous small-scale research in finding that biofeedback can help children with RSSD acquire American English /ɹ/. A companion study will compare participants’ generalization learning after the end of all treatment.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.29971501.

PMID:40920957 | DOI:10.1044/2025_JSLHR-24-00909

Med Sci (Paris). 2025 Aug-Sep;41(8-9):683-689. doi: 10.1051/medsci/2025108. Epub 2025 Sep 8.

ABSTRACT

The internal condom (commonly referred to as the female condom), which can be used by both men and women, is a single-use medical device that can be inserted several hours before sexual intercourse for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and for contraception. This review presents an overview of its use, and a summary of the technical and regulatory aspects. We will see that this device is almost as effective as its external counterpart and offers better protection against STIs, but that it remains very underused in the general population. The potential barriers to its use will also be analyzed and discussed.

PMID:40920948 | DOI:10.1051/medsci/2025108

Clin Exp Dermatol. 2025 Sep 8:llaf407. doi: 10.1093/ced/llaf407. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) criteria for in vivo diagnosis of unperturbed basal cell carcinoma (BCC) lesions have been validated and studies have reported high diagnostic sensitivity. However, a paucity of data remains regarding preservation or changes in RCM features after biopsy or treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Prospectively image biopsy proven superficial BCC (sBCC) with RCM at baseline and 12 weeks post-treatment to determine clearance and identify any associated RCM features.

METHODS: Ten subjects with biopsy proven sBCC completed this study. Clinical examination, dermoscopy, and RCM imaging were performed at baseline, prior to treatment, and 12 weeks post treatment with a 1064 Nd-YAG laser. Following treatment, RCM features were compared to clinical and histologic findings.

RESULTS: Statistically significant changes in RCM features at baseline and follow-up included: tumor islands with hyperreflective aggregates, dark silhouettes, peripheral palisading, peritumoral clefting, and dermal inflammatory cells. Changes in nuclear streaming, fibrosis, and vasculature were not significant.

LIMITATIONS: A limitation of this study is the small sample size.

CONCLUSIONS: The features of nuclear streaming, fibrosis and dilated vessels may be observed during RCM imaging of biopsy proven BCC at baseline and post treatment, and should be cautiously interpreted. Additional studies are needed to further validate these findings.

PMID:40920911 | DOI:10.1093/ced/llaf407

Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2025 Sep 8. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202412-1265OC. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE: Inflammation is central to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis but incompletely represented in COPD prognostic models. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a readily available inflammatory biomarker.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the associations of NLR with smoking status, clinical features of COPD, and future adverse outcomes.

METHODS: We analyzed NLR calculated from the complete blood count of participants who currently or formerly smoked (n = 2,624) and tobacco-naïve controls (n = 187) in the SPIROMICS multicenter observational cohort study. We assessed the stability of NLR at 6 weeks and 1 year, the association with select blood biomarkers, and the impact of smoking on NLR and cell counts. We stratified participants by NLR quartiles to compare cross-sectional clinical features at enrollment, prospectively observed exacerbations at 1 year, and mortality during longitudinal follow-up.

RESULTS: Higher NLR quartiles were broadly associated with more severe clinical features of COPD. NLR values were repeatable at 6 weeks (ICC=0.74) and 1 year (ICC=0.62). The impact of smoking on NLR varied with the severity of airflow limitation, mediated by an interaction between smoking, FEV1 % predicted, and neutrophil counts but not lymphocyte counts. The highest NLR quartile (>3.11) was associated with an increased risk of exacerbation over 1-year (adjusted OR=1.51 95%CI 1.18, 1.92) and increased risk of mortality (adjusted HR=1.41, 95%CI 1.20, 1.66) compared to quartiles 1-3.

CONCLUSIONS: Elevated NLR in stable COPD is a widely available biomarker associated with increased risk for exacerbation and death. The impact of cigarette smoking on NLR varies with disease severity.

PMID:40920896 | DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.202412-1265OC

PLoS Comput Biol. 2025 Sep 8;21(9):e1013370. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013370. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

A major goal of behavioural ecology is to explain how phenotypic and ecological factors shape the networks of social relationships that animals form with one another. This inferential task is notoriously challenging. The social networks of interest are generally not observed, but must be approximated from behavioural samples. Moreover, these data are highly dependent: the observed network edges correlate with one another, due to biological and sampling processes. Failing to account for the resulting uncertainty and biases can lead to dysfunctional statistical procedures, and thus to incorrect results. Here, we argue that these problems should be understood-and addressed-as problems of causal inference. For this purpose, we introduce a Bayesian causal modelling framework that explicitly defines the links between the target interaction network, its causes, and the data. We illustrate the mechanics of our framework with simulation studies and an empirical example. First, we encode causal effects of individual-, dyad-, and group-level features on social interactions using Directed Acyclic Graphs and Structural Causal Models. These quantities are the objects of inquiry, our estimands. Second, we develop estimators for these effects-namely, Bayesian multilevel extensions of the Social Relations Model. Third, we recover the structural parameters of interest, map statistical estimates to the underlying causal structures, and compute causal estimates from the joint posterior distribution. Throughout the manuscript, we develop models layer by layer, thereby illustrating an iterative workflow for causal inference in social networks. We conclude by summarising this workflow as a set of seven steps, and provide practical recommendations.

PMID:40920894 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013370

J Med Internet Res. 2025 Sep 8;27:e59976. doi: 10.2196/59976.

ABSTRACT

We estimated linear mixed-effects models to analyze changes in language patterns (as measured using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) among neurodiverse youth to introduce a novel assessment useful for research into the potential benefits of special interests while minimizing respondent and researcher burden.

PMID:40920452 | DOI:10.2196/59976

JMIR Res Protoc. 2025 Sep 8;14:e69212. doi: 10.2196/69212.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Fermented foods vary significantly by food substrate and regional consumption patterns. Although they are consumed worldwide, their intake and potential health benefits remain understudied. Europe, in particular, lacks specific consumption recommendations for most fermented foods.

OBJECTIVE: This project, which is under the framework of the Promoting Innovation Of Fermented Foods (PIMENTO) Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action (CA20128), aims to develop a validated tool to quantitatively estimate fermented food intake across 4 European regions.

METHODS: The Fermented Food Frequency Questionnaire (3FQ) was designed to quantify fermented food intake in terms of frequency and quantity. Fermented foods were categorized into broad groups (eg, dairy, plant-based, meat, beverages) based on product classifications, ensuring that the foods included were genuinely fermented through ingredient analysis according to the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus for fermented foods as a guide. For each main fermented food group, subcategories were determined after detailed discussions by a scientific expert panel that provided country-specific examples. For example, for hard cheeses, Parmigiano was chosen in the Italian version, and Graviera in the Greek version. The questionnaire was developed in English (universal version) and then translated into multiple languages using the back-translation method. Each version was pilot-tested for clarity, and data for the prospective validation were gathered. This included two key steps: (1) assessing repeatability by having participants retake the questionnaire after 6 weeks and (2) confirming accuracy by comparing 3FQ results against 24-hour dietary recalls from a subsample of participants. Statistical analyses will be used to confirm agreement between the methods. Representative sample calculations were performed for 4 groups by biological sex and age group (between 18 and 49.9 years and 50+ years). To ensure representative sample obtainment, participants aged 18+ years were recruited via the internet using multiple strategies, including social media platforms in all countries, snowball sampling, and potential supplementation with panels provided by the survey platform. Prior to all responses, participants were asked to provide informed consent and agree to data collection under ethical guidelines using a General Data Protection Regulation-compliant platform.

RESULTS: A representative sample of 1536 participants per European region was targeted, ensuring diversity in age and sex, with the goal of achieving a 60% response rate. A multilingual questionnaire was developed and pilot-tested for clarity. The upcoming steps will include final validation for accuracy and repeatability using 24-hour dietary recalls and specific statistical techniques of analysis to ensure reliability.

CONCLUSIONS: The validated web-based 3FQ aims to address the current gaps in fermented food intake to help improve future research in this important area.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/69212.

PMID:40920447 | DOI:10.2196/69212

JMIR Res Protoc. 2025 Sep 8;14:e50649. doi: 10.2196/50649.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Digital media frequently contains positive portrayals of alcohol content, which has been shown to be associated with alcohol-related cognitions and behaviors. Because youth are heavy media consumers and have access to unsupervised, repeat viewing of media content on their personal mobile devices, it is critical to understand the frequency of encountering alcohol content in adolescents’ daily lives and how adolescents engage with the content.

OBJECTIVE: This paper outlines the study protocol for examining adolescents’ exposure to alcohol-related content in digital media within their natural environments.

METHODS: Adolescents (N=302; 31.8% boys, 16.2% nonbinary, 51.3% girls; 25.8% Asian, 3.6% American Indian, 21.5% Black, 4.6% other, 52% White, 25.8% Hispanic or Latinx; mean age 16.21, SD 0.77 y) enrolled in high school were recruited through social media to participate in a prospective study involving bursts of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) reports coupled with longer surveys. We conducted group orientation sessions via videoconference and online surveys, followed by a 21-day EMA period that included scheduled reports across 4 daily time blocks, as well as self-initiated reports on media exposure. Reports of alcohol content exposure included details about the platform, level of engagement, source characteristics, beliefs and perceived norms about the content, the viewing context, and whether the content was sponsored or branded. The participants submitted exposures to alcohol content as an image (screenshot or photo) or text description to be objectively coded. The participants completed a weekly online survey assessing alcohol use and related cognitions. EMA reports will be merged with coded image and text entries and with data from baseline, weekly, and follow-up surveys. Self-reported alcohol exposure will be explored descriptively, and differences in exposure tested across subgroups. Event-level data will be compared with random prompt data to examine differences at times of exposure versus nonexposure. Prospective associations between media alcohol content exposure and alcohol use will be explored over 1-week and 4-month time frames. Mediation of the association between media alcohol exposure and drinking will be tested to explore putative mechanisms.

RESULTS: EMA data collection took place from February 2022 to August 2023. Data management and preliminary analysis are ongoing. Preliminary data were disseminated through conference presentations in 2024-2025 and manuscripts are ongoing with full results anticipated to be published in 2025-2026.

CONCLUSIONS: By characterizing adolescents’ real-world exposure to alcohol content in the media, the study provides critical information to develop and implement interventions to target youth behavior that are well suited to delivery via mobile devices. Next steps are to conduct focus groups to understand participants’ lived experience of exposure to media alcohol content and reactions to proposed intervention targets. This study and subsequent qualitative work will launch a program of research to counter the effects of alcohol-related media exposure as experienced by adolescents in an effort to minimize underage alcohol involvement.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/50649.

PMID:40920446 | DOI:10.2196/50649