Category: Statistics

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):90-94. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_504_20.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Clinical skills simulation (CSS) is an important tool in teaching and learning. The literature review showed a scarcity of research data regarding the use of CSS,in teaching, especially in dentistry. The use of CSS in dental teaching was found restricted to the use of low fidelity typhodonts fitted to phantom heads used in teaching cavity preparation and crown cutting.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of CSS using standardized patient in teaching behavior management and modification skills to dental undergraduate students.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was undertaken among 3^rd year dental undergraduate students, and the study was undertaken at the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty, 3^rd year BDS students were randomly allotted to simulation and nonsimulation groups. Baseline data regarding their knowledge in the behavior management of child patients were assessed. Simulation group was further divided into group of six students and underwent CSS with standardized patient. Pretest and posttest knowledge regarding behavior management was assessed in the simulation group using questionnaires approved by an expert committee. The results were analyzed to see if there is any improvement in their knowledge after CSS. Students in simulation and nonsimulation groups were assessed for their behavior management skills during patient management, by an independent observer, using a checklist.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Mean, standard deviation (SD), and unpaired student t-test were done to assess the baseline knowledge of students who participated in the study. Mean, SD, and paired t-test were used to compare the pretest and posttest score of students who underwent simulation. Mean, SD, and unpaired t-test were used to compare the behavior management skills of both groups of students.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of students in both groups before the study was comparable with no statistically significant differences. There was a statistically significant improvement in the knowledge of students who underwent CSS regarding behavior management of child patients. The unpaired Student’s t-test showed a significant difference in the behavior management skill of dental undergraduate students when treating a child patient. The students who underwent CSS fared better compared to students who were taught behavior management methods by traditional methods only. Clinical skill simulation using standardized patient is an effective adjunct to be used along with traditional method of teaching while teaching behavior management and modification skills to dental undergraduate students.

PMID:33885394 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_504_20

Nanoscale. 2021 Apr 14;13(14):6977-6990. doi: 10.1039/d1nr00106j. Epub 2021 Apr 7.

ABSTRACT

We report the formation of self-assembled monolayers of a molecular photoswitch (azobenzene-bithiophene derivative, AzBT) on cobalt via a thiol covalent bond. We study the electrical properties of the molecular junctions formed with the tip of a conductive atomic force microscope under ultra-high vacuum. The statistical analysis of the current-voltage curves shows two distinct states of the molecule conductance, suggesting the coexistence of both the trans and cis azobenzene isomers on the surface. The cis isomer population (trans isomer) increases (decreases) upon UV light irradiation. The situation is reversed under blue light irradiation. The experiments are confronted to first-principle calculations performed on the molecular junctions with the Non-Equilibrium Green’s Function formalism combined with Density Functional Theory (NEGF/DFT). The theoretical results consider two different molecular orientations for each isomer. Whereas the orientation does not affect the conductance of the trans isomer, it significantly modulates the conductance of the cis isomer and the resulting conductance ON/OFF ratio of the molecular junction. This helps identifying the molecular orientation at the origin of the observed current differences between the trans and cis forms. The ON state is associated to the trans isomer irrespective of its orientation in the junction, while the OFF state is identified as a cis isomer with its azobenzene moiety folded upward with respect to the bithiophene core. The experimental and calculated ON/OFF conductance ratios have a similar order of magnitude. This conductance ratio seems reasonable to make these Co-AzBT molecular junctions a good test-bed to further explore the relationship between the spin-polarized charge transport, the molecule conformation and the molecule-Co spinterface.

PMID:33885499 | DOI:10.1039/d1nr00106j

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):74-78. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_16_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In the last few decades, the availability of synchrotron sources has initiated revolutionary advances in X-ray imaging.

AIMS: The study aimed to evaluate the incidence of apical transportation after root canal preparation with ProTaper Gold (PTG), Hyflex electro discharge machining (HEDM), Reciproc (RPC), and WaveOne Gold (WOG) using synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomographic (SR-μCT) analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty mandibular molars were assigned to four experimental groups (n = 10) according to the file system used for the root canal preparation: Group 1: PTG (25/0.08), Group 2: HEDM (25/0.08), Group 3: RPC (25/0.08), and Group 4: WOG (25/0.07). The specimens were scanned on SR-μCT system before and after the root canal preparation. Apical transportation was assessed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm section.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Two-way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test was used.

RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the groups. Transportation in the mesial direction was of greater magnitude than distal transportation for all the files systems.

CONCLUSION: SR-μCT can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for further implications.

PMID:33885391 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_16_21

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):85-89. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_34_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Early childhood caries (ECC) has been regarded as one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in children. Conventional restorative management of ECC is difficult to perform in very young and apprehensive children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can be a useful tool in the management of dental caries by arresting the carious lesion in primary teeth. After SDF treatment, the dentinal staining that is associated with SDF influences the acceptance of this treatment among parents of young children.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of biannual application of 38% SDF followed by 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish for arresting dental caries in children and its parental acceptance.

METHODS: Twenty-six children aged 2-5 years with 107 active caries lesions in primary teeth were enrolled. At the baseline examination, status of carious lesions was recorded and scored according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II. Lesion activity was assessed by visual inspection and tactile detection. Carious lesions with score 3, 4, 5, and 6 were treated with 38%SDF application, followed by 5% NaF varnish. Children were re-evaluated at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Parental acceptance of SDF treatment was evaluated.

RESULTS: This study demonstrated that 38% SDF was 92.31% effective in arresting dental caries in primary teeth and was well accepted by parents. Chi-square test was used to assess the significant difference among the arrested lesions which was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Thirty-eight percent SDF can be effectively used in arresting caries in primary teeth in young and uncooperative children.

PMID:33885393 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_34_21

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):67-73. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_62_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent posteruptive bacterial infections worldwide, characterized by a progressive demineralization process that affects the mineralized dental tissues. Although the decline of dental caries prevalence can be attributed to the widespread use of dentifrices that contain fluoride, yet there is a need for an advanced alternative nonfluoride remineralizing dentifrice. Yet, there is a need for an advanced alternative nonfluoride remineralizing dentifrice.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the remineralizing effect of nonfluoride-based and herbal-based pediatric dentifrice in demineralized primary teeth with an ideal in vitro method of pH cycling and evaluating the values under Polarized Light Microscope (Olympus BX43) using image analysis software (ProgRes, Speed XT core3).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 tooth samples were collected and placed in the demineralizing solution for 96 h to produce a demineralized lesion of approximately 100 μm, and then cut longitudinally into 60 sections that were randomly assigned to two groups with 27 samples each, Group A – nonfluoride-based dentifrice (Mee Mee^®), Group B – herbal-based dentifrice (Mamaearth^™), after which they were subjected to pH cycling for 7 days along with dentifrice slurry preparation. The sections were evaluated under the polarizing light microscopy for remineralizing efficacy. The lesion depth was measured and tabulated to be sent for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The mean demineralization value for nonfluoride and herbal-based dentifrice groups were 7.8730 μm and 28.3174 μm, respectively. Hence, it can be inferred that since lesion depth measured was lesser in nonfluoride than herbal-based dentifrice, remineralization has occurred in the nonfluoride-based dentifrice group.

CONCLUSION: Nonfluoride-based dentifrice showed significant results in remineralizing the demineralized lesion, while herbal-based dentifrice showed poor efficiency in remineralizing the demineralized lesion.

PMID:33885390 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_62_21

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):47-52. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_533_20.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is one of the effectual cariostatic agents widely used in minimal intervention dentistry. However, the major drawback of SDF is dark staining after its application.

AIM: In the present study, the staining of 38% SDF alone and 38% SDF and potassium iodide (KI) was compared after restoration with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and resin composite using ImageJ software.

METHODS AND MATERIAL: Forty extracted carious primary teeth were sorted into four groups. In Group I and II, SDF was applied and restored with GIC and composite restorations, respectively. In Group III and IV, SDF application was followed by KI and restored with GIC and composite restorations, respectively. Images were captured after initial applications on day 1 and day 14 after restoration. The captured images were imported to ImageJ software and mean gray values were calculated.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The mean gray values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using paired t-test and independent sample t-test. There was statistically significant if P < 0.05.

RESULTS: Following the application of SDF and RIVA STAR, the baseline mean gray values showed no statistical significance. On day 1, the mean gray values were highest in Group IV (208.30) and lowest in Group I (178.51). Similarly, on day 14, the highest mean gray values were observed in Group IV (208.45) and lowest in Group I (147.6) which were statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS: The restorations after SDF application attained dark stain eventually, whereas with the application of SDF followed by KI (RIVA STAR), the restorations showed the least staining.

PMID:33885387 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_533_20

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):61-66. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_485_20.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Lead accumulations have been found in teeth and related to behavior deficits in children, but there is a dearth of studies in exploring the role of zinc and manganese dysregulations in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using the primary tooth as biomarker.

AIMS: The objectives of the study were to evaluate and compare the concentrations of zinc and manganese in the primary teeth serving as biomarker, in typically developing children and children with ASD.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Twelve primary incisors indicated for extraction were collected from children between the age group 6 and 9 years, for the study. Six primary incisors were obtained from children who had been diagnosed with ASD (study group). The other six teeth were obtained from typically developing children, in the similar age group.

METHODS: The primary incisors obtained were analyzed for metal concentrations using the technique Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: This study was statistically analyzed by student’s t-test.

RESULTS: It was observed that there are significant differences in metal concentrations found between tooth samples of ASD children and typically developing children. Zinc concentrations were double and manganese concentrations were three times, in teeth of ASD children group as compared to the children in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS: Results of the current study indicate that there are considerable differences in concentrations of zinc and manganese between the two groups and support the contention that there might be an association between metal exposures of a pregnant mother and child during early years of childhood and incidence of ASD.

PMID:33885389 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_485_20

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):16-21. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_1_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Most of the nations have proposed research regulations to protect the rights and welfare of the research participants. Among such regulations are the informed consent and assent. In the present world, informed consent and assent is the cornerstone in health practice.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare and evaluate the knowledge and attitude toward informed consent and assent for biomedical research involving children among health-care professionals in Belagavi city.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 300 house surgeons divided into four groups of Medical, Dental, Nursing, and Ayurveda faculty of Belagavi city. A self-administered multiple choice questions were used to evaluate the knowledge and a five-point Likert scale was used to asses attitude regarding informed consent and assent for research involving children. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20.

RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in mean knowledge and attitude among all four groups (P < 0.05), and there was no significant correlation between knowledge and attitude as a whole in each group of professionals (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Emphasis on additional training is the need of the hour for all the faculty participants and also incorporation of study material regarding informed consent and assent for research involving children by the policy makers.

PMID:33885382 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_1_21

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):36-41. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_527_20.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Propylthiouracil (PROP) (a medicated tool) and hormonal fingerprint (second to fourth digits [2D:4D]) ratio can be used for detection of caries which is most prevalent oral health disease.

AIM: This study aims to determine the role of genetic taste sensitivity and hormonal fingerprint (2D:4D ratio) on caries risk susceptibility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was an observational and cross-sectional study. It was conducted on 570 children aged 6-12 years. PROP sensitivity test was done by PROP impregnated filter paper strips and subjects were divided accordingly into supertasters, medium-tasters, and nontasters. 2D:4D ratio was obtained by measuring length ratio of index to ring finger using Vernier caliper. Dietary preferences of the subjects were recorded. The evaluation of decayed, missing, and filled teeth/deft indices was done.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Intergroup comparisons were performed using One-way ANOVA test, independent t-test and Chi-square test at 5% significance level.

RESULTS: Positive correlation between nontasters, low digit ratio, sweet likers, and high caries index was found with a high significant difference.

CONCLUSION: Genetic taste sensitivity and hormonal fingerprint (biological marker) can be used for detection of caries as the present research confirmed impact of hormones on taste perception.

PMID:33885385 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_527_20

J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2021 Jan-Mar;39(1):42-46. doi: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_523_20.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To evaluate and compare the body mass index (BMI) of school-going children with bruxism and without bruxism of age between 6 and 12 years.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: To find the correlation between BMI and oral habit bruxism among school children and compare with those children without bruxism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 6122 children were screened from 28 government and 12 private schools, in which 1854 (30.28%) had various types of oral habits. Among this 280 children had the stressful habit bruxism. The BMI of those children was calculated by measuring the height and weight. The values were compared with the BMI of same number of students of same age group, who does not have any oral habits, with the WHO standard. The values were calculated and tabulated for the statistical analysis, using the SPSS software version 19 (IBM company) with the P < 0.05 as statistically significant.

RESULTS: Its shows that children with bruxism has high BMI range, was in the order of overweight > Normal > Underweight, but the BMI of children without any habit was in the order of normal > Underweight > Overweight. On comparison, it was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: The habit bruxism had a positive correlation with the BMI of children. The children are more stressed from both indoor and outdoor. Hence, kindly educate all the parents, teachers, and public to identify the cause for the habit, because each oral habit is strongly deep rooted with some emotional and/or psychological problem and to make the children stress free in future.

PMID:33885386 | DOI:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_523_20