Category: Statistics

Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021 Apr-Jun;28(2):94-101. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_420_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Poor compliance with recommended hand hygiene practise by health-care workers is an emerging public health threat associated with significant morbidity, mortality and spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effect of voice reminder on compliance with recommended hand hygiene practise among the baseline, and post-intervention compliance with recommended hand hygiene among health-care workers using the WHO checklist for observation of 5-moments of hand hygiene of health-care workers in Kano.

METHODS: Quasi-experimental study design was used. A total of 408 (204 in each arm) baseline and post-intervention observations were conducted in two hospitals in Kano, selected using a multistage sampling technique. Voice reminders were installed in the intervention hospital, and post-intervention observation was conducted 3 months after introducing a voice reminder. SPSS version 22.0 was used for data analysis. Relationship between variables was tested using χ² and McNemar’s test within the groups at 0.05 α-level of significance.

RESULTS: Baseline compliance with hand hygiene in the intervention and control hospitals were 31.4% and 48.0%, respectively. Post-intervention compliance in the intervention and control hospitals were found to be 78.0% and 65.2%, respectively. Voice reminder improved compliance with hand hygiene practise when compared with baseline by +148% (P# = 0.3) in the intervention hospital compared with +36% (P# =0.1) in the control hospital. The differences were not statistically significant post-intervention when compared with the baseline.

CONCLUSIONS: Voice reminder intervention improved hand hygiene compliance among health-care workers in the intervention hospital compared with the control hospital. Voice reminders should be provided in the hospitals by stakeholders. This can help in improving compliance with hand hygiene among health-care workers and reducing the burden of hospital-acquired infections due to the hands of health-care workers.

PMID:34494594 | DOI:10.4103/npmj.npmj_420_21

Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021 Apr-Jun;28(2):112-116. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_505_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: With the advent of endoscopic sinus surgery, the variant neurovascular relations of the sphenoid sinus are important to surgeons to minimise the iatrogenic complications. This study elucidates the variant neurovascular relations of the sphenoid sinus in adult Nigerians.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted at the Radiology Department of Delta State University Teaching Hospital after institutional approval. Brain computed tomography images of 336 patients, aged ≥20 years and spanning over 5 years’ duration were utilised. We evaluated the sphenoid sinus for protrusion and dehiscence of neurovascular structures bilaterally. The position of the optic nerve in relation to the sinus was classified from Type 0-4. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 23 was used for the data analysis. The Chi-square test was used to probe for the association between the variants with regard to side and gender. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: Dehiscence and protrusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) occurred in 34, 10.1% and 83, 24.7% patients correspondingly. The dehiscence of optic, maxillary and Vidian nerves was (26, 7.7%), (60, 17.9%), and (53, 15.8%), whereas the frequency of their protrusion was (50, 14.9%), (76, 22.6%) and (87, 25.9%), respectively. All these variants except the ICA and maxillary nerve dehiscence showed a significant association with the side of occurrence (P = 0.001). Out of the 672 optic canals evaluated bilaterally, a preponderance of Type I (534, 79.5%) was observed followed by II (96, 14.3%), IV (35,5.2%), III (7, 1.0%) and Type 0 (0, 0%).

CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that the neurovascular relations of the sphenoid sinus vary from previously documented reports, thus confirming the need for pre-operative evaluation.

PMID:34494597 | DOI:10.4103/npmj.npmj_505_21

Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021 Apr-Jun;28(2):117-125. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_530_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Waterpipe smoking (WPS) has been reported to have a wide range of damaging health effects on pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Studies suggest that waterpipe tobacco smoking is associated with reduced harm perceptions, mental health problems and the use of psychoactive substances. We investigate the patterns of use and the association of WPS with anxiety, poly-tobacco and alcohol use in Lagos, Nigeria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used to assess the data from 818 adolescents and adults in Lagos State, Nigeria. An online questionnaire obtained demographic information, waterpipe, e-cigarette, alcohol and other tobacco product use from respondents. Anxiety was assessed using the validated Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7-point scale. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with waterpipe ever-use. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) age of respondents was 23.43 (±3.96), over half were female (55.2%) and a majority had a college diploma or more (88.59%). Among study participants, 18.58% reported waterpipe ever-use. Among ever waterpipe users, 17.33% reported current use (past 30-days), with a majority having smoked waterpipe in a bar or pub. Alcohol use (P < 0.001), e-cigarette ever-use (P: 0.010) and poly-tobacco ever-use (P: 0.030) were significantly associated with higher odds of waterpipe use in the multivariate regression model. Further, there was a lower likelihood of waterpipe ever-use in the bivariate regression model among respondents with mild and moderate to severe anxiety levels than those with normal anxiety levels (P: 0.030); however, this association was no longer significant in the adjusted model.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a relatively high prevalence of WPS in Lagos, Nigeria. Concurrent alcohol consumption, e-cigarette and poly-tobacco use are associated with WPS, and most waterpipe smokers have normal anxiety levels. The Nigerian Government should consider surveillance measures for WPS and a more comprehensive smoke-free policy.

PMID:34494598 | DOI:10.4103/npmj.npmj_530_21

Int J Mycobacteriol. 2021 Jul-Sep;10(3):301-306. doi: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_138_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: To date, there have been no reports on the occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) organisms (nor tuberculosis [TB]) on money, currency, banknotes, or coins, where these may act as fomites in the potential transmission of mycobacterial organisms around communities, especially in developing nations, where physical currency is still the popular mainstay of the economy, compared to electronic and digital forms of currency transaction. It was therefore the aim of this study to examine the survival of the Mycobacterium abscessus complex organisms on coins.

METHODS: Coins from 17 countries were examined for the presence of M. abscessus complex organisms by broth enrichment in Middlebrook 7H9 for 2 months. Nickel-plated steel and copper-plated steel coins were artificially contaminated individually with M. abscessus complex (circa 10⁷ [7 log₁₀] organisms/coin), including M. abscessus subsp. massiliense (n = 2), M. abscessus subsp. bolletti (n = 2), and M. abscessus subsp. abscessus (n = 1) and their surviving cells enumerated at weekly period up to 5-week postinoculation.

RESULTS: NTM organisms were not isolated from coins from the 17 currencies examined. In all three subspecies of M. abscessus, the copper-plated steel coins caused a more rapid decline in organism numbers, which were statistically very significant (P < 0.0001), compared to the paired survival on the nickel-plated steel coins, whereby organisms were none detectable after 3-week storage on the copper-plated coins. NTM organisms survived better on the nickel-plated coins, with a mean count across all subspecies of log₁₀ 1.84 colony forming units per coin after 5 weeks of storage (range: 0.6-2.69 log₁₀ cfu/coin). There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05; 5%) in the survival dynamics among the three subspecies with storage on either coin type.

CONCLUSIONS: Health-care professionals should be aware of the survival of M. abscessus complex organisms on coins for up to 12 weeks, which may be particular relevant in high-risk areas of health-care institutions where TB or NTM is prevalent and where there are opportunities for the transmission of such organisms through contaminated fomites, including coins, through opportunities including payment for treatments/medicines/dressings, coin-operated payment facilities, such as hospital car parking, self-service vending machines, hospital canteens, coffee shops and dining halls and hospital shops, whether static or mobile onward visits. To mitigate potential infection consequences of handling coins contaminated with M. abscessus complex organisms, other NTMs organisms and TB, the authors support re-establishing the principles of basic hygiene, including proper handwashing and the avoidance of handling money when working with food or dressing wounds and skin lesions, as well as when working with respiratory devices, including nebulizers.

PMID:34494570 | DOI:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_138_21

Niger Postgrad Med J. 2021 Apr-Jun;28(2):88-93. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_576_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a high possibility of transmitting the coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in the orthodontic clinic because orthodontists and their patients are in very close contact when orthodontic care is being given. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and perception of Nigerian orthodontists and orthodontic residents about the risks of COVID-19 as well as the extra-protective infection control measures that need to be taken.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The questionnaires were distributed and retrieved from consenting participants through an online platform. The questionnaires were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 23. The results were presented in tables and charts.

RESULTS: Out of a total of 90 members on the association’s WhatsApp group as at the time the study was being conducted, a total of 48 respondents participated in this study. There were more females (60.4%) than males. Majority (97.9%) of the respondents agreed/strongly agreed that an infected patient could infect the orthodontic clinic staff members with COVID-19 while most were of the view that debonding (95.8%) and retainer delivery (70.8%) posed a risk for spread of the virus. More than half of the respondents (52.1%) considered it necessary to change N95 masks after each patient as an extra-protective measure against COVID-19.

CONCLUSIONS: Majority of the respondents knew about the risks that COVID-19 posed to different aspects of orthodontic practice and were also knowledgeable about some of the extra-protective measures that they should take. There is a need to improve the knowledge of the participants concerning the use of appropriate mouth rinses to reduce the risks of transmission of COVID-19 in the dental/orthodontic clinic.

PMID:34494593 | DOI:10.4103/npmj.npmj_576_21

Int J Mycobacteriol. 2021 Jul-Sep;10(3):285-292. doi: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_124_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The burdens of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in Nigeria are high. DM often goes unrecognized in TB patients, resulting in poorer treatment outcomes compared with TB patients only. This study set out to compare TB treatment outcomes and associated factors in TB only and TBDM patients when a collaborative care (CC) model is in place.

METHODS: A prospective quasi-experimental study, modeled after the World Health Organization and The Union’s Collaborative Framework for Care and Control of TB and DM was carried out among TB patients in two chest clinics in Lagos state. Patients were grouped into TB only, who received the usual TB care, directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS), and TBDM, who received DOTS and CC. Data were analyzed with IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 23.0. Chi-square and multivariate analysis determined the association between treatment success and CC. Statistical tests were calculated at 95% confidence intervals and considered significant when P value is < 0.05.

RESULTS: Of 671 participants in the study, 52 (7.7%) had DM. At TB treatment completion, there was no statistically significant difference in outcomes between TBDM and TB-only patients (P = 0.40). Patients who received CC were about 32 (OR: 31.60, 95% CI: 3.38-293), and 5 times (OR: 5.08, 95% CI: 1.35-19.17) more likely to achieve success and cure, respectively, compared to those who did not.

CONCLUSION: Provision of CC with DOTS ensured improved TB treatment outcomes in TBDM patients. Recommendations of WHO/The Union are feasible in our setting.

PMID:34494568 | DOI:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_124_21

Int J Mycobacteriol. 2021 Jul-Sep;10(3):243-254. doi: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_108_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Host genetic background plays an important role in susceptibility to intracellular infectious pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Cellular immune response activation is vital for protection to these pathogens. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in this activation and preventing the intracellular growth of Mtb. A mutation in the IFN-γ gene, therefore, may lead to increased susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) that may vary in different ethnic groups and its consequence also varies in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). Several IFN-γ gene polymorphisms are investigated for susceptibility to TB, but their associations are not always consistent as its impact may vary from one ethnicity to the other as well as with the type of TB. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to overcome this problem. The present study involves comprehensive meta-analysis of + 874T/A polymorphism in the IFN-γ gene based on type of TB within five different ethnic groups to show its association with increased susceptibility to TB.

METHODS: Using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, a total of 50 case-control studies were retrieved having 8152 cases and 9755 controls in this meta-analysis. Thirty-eight studies of + 874T/A polymorphism of IFN-γ gene were correlated for Pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The polymorphism was analyzed for six genetic models for five major ethnic groups accounting for heterogeneity among studies. Moreover, the sub-group analysis was based on the type of TB within each ethnic group. Trial sequential analysis was also performed for all the sub-groups to estimate the statistical consistency.

RESULTS: IFN-γ +874 T/A polymorphism analysis clearly confirmed the increased association of + 874AA genotype with increased TB risk. This polymorphism also showed significant association in East Asian, European, American, and African ethnic groups whereas no such association was found in Asians. Patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) confirmed the association in East Asians, Africans, and Americans, whereas patients with EPTB showed association in Asian and East Asian populations only.

CONCLUSIONS: This study reaffirms the association of IFN-γ+874 T/A polymorphism with TB risk. It specifically confirms that IFN-γ+874 T/A polymorphism increases the susceptibility of pulmonary infection in Africans and Americans, while the East Asian population is more susceptible to both, pulmonary and EPTB.

PMID:34494562 | DOI:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_108_21

Int J Mycobacteriol. 2021 Jul-Sep;10(3):268-270. doi: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_133_21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) and their synergistic role in causing human disease has been recognized for centuries. Despite the known synergy between DM and TB, the importance of atypical clinical, radiological presentation and DM as a risk factor for TB is largely unknown. This study was undertaken to know the effect of glycemic control on TB manifestations as it will contribute to the opportunities for detection and treatment of both disease conditions appropriately.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 50 patients attending the pulmonary medicine department in Ispat General Hospital with pulmonary TB and DM during 6 months’ period. Clinical data, chest-X ray, HbA1c values were obtained and the effect of glycemic control studied and analyzed.

RESULTS: Five patients had good glycemic control (HbA1c ≤7%), 45 patients had poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7%). Cough was present in all patients. Weight loss and night sweats were present in poor glycemic group and sputum smear grade was higher in higher HbA1c patients and both were statistically significant. None of the good glycemic group had lower zone lesion. The commonest type of lesion was nonhomogenous opacity, followed by cavities in both poor and good glycemic groups. Cavities were usually present in lower zones. Size and number of cavities were more as the glycemic control is poor. So, that glycemic control did have an effect on pulmonary TB manifestations, hence achieving and maintaining glycemic control is necessary for DM with pulmonary TB.

PMID:34494565 | DOI:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_133_21

Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2021 Aug;43(4):579-583. doi: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.13076.

ABSTRACT

Objective To evaluate lateral pterygoid muscle(LPM)contraction in the patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD)based on 3D-T2 weighted imaging(3D-T2WI).Multiplanar reconstruction(MPR)was employed to measure the length of LPM in the images taken in closed-and open-mouth positions. Methods Seventeen TMD patients [age of(29.82±10.70)years,males/females=8/9] and 13 normal volunteers [control,age of(23.54±3.31)years,males/females=6/7] received 3D-T2WI of the temporomandibular joints in closed-and open-mouth positions from November 2019 to April 2020 in Department of Radiology,Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital.According to the position of the discs,the subjects were classified into the following groups:TMD with disc displacement without reduction(TMD-DDwoR),TMD with disc displacement with reduction(TMD-DDwR),TMD without disc displacement(TMDwoDD),and normal control without disc displacement(NCwoDD).MPR was employed to measure the maximal length of the superior belly of LPM.One-way analysis of variance,receiver operating characteristic curve,and permutation test were employed for the statistical analyses. Results The contraction of LPM was significantly shorter in TMD-DDwoR group [(3.36±1.96)mm] than in TMDwoDD group [(7.90±3.95)mm],NCwoDD group [(8.77±3.13)mm](F=12.891,P=0.000),and TMD-DDwR group[(7.12±3.69)mm](χ²=5.314,P=0.031). Conclusion This study confirmed that the contraction of LPM decreased in patients with TMD-DDwoR,which provided imaging evidence for the study of disc displacement mechanism in TMD patients.

PMID:34494529 | DOI:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.13076

Prog Urol. 2021 Sep 4:S1166-7087(21)00251-7. doi: 10.1016/j.purol.2021.07.011. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: The PP Convergences criteria group together 10 of the most significant clinical criteria for sensitization in the context of chronic pelvic pain. They are the result of a consensus of experts and represent to date the only clinical evaluation guide to identify patients with pelvic perineal pain in whom a pelvic sensitization component can be evoked.

OBJECTIVE: This work concerns the psychometric validation of these criteria. The aim is to answer 3 questions: 1) is the instrument reliable (i.e., sensitive, specific and accurate)?; 2) can we define a screening score for pelvic-perineal pain by sensitization from the CPP criteria?; 3) can combinations of criteria be defined to predict pelvic-perineal sensitization from the CPP criteria?

METHODOLOGY AND SUBJECTS: In total, 308 patients with pelviperineal pain were recruited during their medical consultation.

PROCEDURE: Fifteen expert physicians were asked to judge the presence or absence of the 10 CPP criteria and to make a diagnosis of the presence or absence of pelviperineal sensitization in their patient.

RESULTS: ROC curve analysis indicated that a score of 5 was the closest to a perfect score with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 87%. They also indicate that the CPP criteria have a very good sensitivity (97%) and specificity (91%) and present globally a good reproducibility on all the criteria (Kappa>0.6). Finally, the statistical analyses reveal that the most discriminating criterion for predicting sensitization is Q8 (pain persisting after sexual activity).

CONCLUSION: The CPP criteria represent a very good screening tool for pelvic sensitization. The score of 5 corresponds to the score at which the patient has sufficient clinical criteria to be classified as sensitized.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID:34493442 | DOI:10.1016/j.purol.2021.07.011