Category: Statistics

Respiration. 2021 Oct 6:1-10. doi: 10.1159/000519216. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Benign tracheal stenosis may relapse after management.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the value of dyspnea and spirometry in detecting relapse of benign tracheal stenosis.

METHODS: Patients with benign tracheal stenosis were evaluated post-management, at regular follow-up and emergency visits, with the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale, spirometry, and flexible bronchoscopy. Patient visits were categorized and compared, in terms of change in clinical and functional parameters, in 2 groups: visits with relapse (case group) and visits with no relapse (control group). The ability of the MRC dyspnea scale and spirometry to predict relapse was evaluated.

RESULTS: Thirty-five patients with benign tracheal stenosis were included. Mean follow-up duration was 3.2 years (standard deviation = 3.3). Spirometry data were analyzed from 43 relapse visits (23 patients) versus 90 nonrelapse visits. The MRC dyspnea score and most spirometric indices were associated with relapse. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced expiratory flow when 25% of forced vital capacity has been expired, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and total peak flow were superior to the MRC dyspnea score in predicting relapse. Among spirometric indices, >10.8% of PEF reduction has been very sensitive and specific.

CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the role of dyspnea and spirometry in monitoring benign tracheal stenosis, with spirometry predicting relapse even in clinically stable patients. PEF being a very sensitive index has the additional advantage of being assessed by peak flow meter and could potentially be used for remote monitoring.

PMID:34614495 | DOI:10.1159/000519216

Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021 Oct 6:e3501. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3501. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) could present diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) at early onset. It is crucial to identify FT1D from DKA manifestations in time at clinical practice. This study was aimed at investigating whether the fulminant index (FI), encompassing plasma glucose (PG) to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ratio (PG/HbA1c), serum potassium ion (K⁺ ) to HbA1c ratio (K⁺ /HbA1c), and serum sodium ion (Na⁺ ) multiplied by HbA1c (Na⁺ *HbA1c), is a feasible indicator for early FT1D diagnosis.

METHODS: A total of 78 subjects were enrolled, including 40 FT1D patients and 38 non-FT1D patients with DKA. We utilized receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the FI cut-off values between FT1D and non-FT1D groups and examined efficacies of FI based on statistics.

RESULTS: ROC curve analyses showed that the maximum Youden’s index for PG/HbA1c bonding to a cut-off value of 4.389, with the sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 81.6% in identifying FT1D from DKA. And optimal K⁺ /HbA1c cut-off value was 0.728 with a sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 84.2%. For Na⁺ *HbA1c, the best cut-off value was 923.65, and its sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 73.7%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested FI could work as a valid and convenient indicator for differentiating FT1D from initial DKA patients. FI (K⁺ /HbA1c) presented the best efficacy as an independent index. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:34614535 | DOI:10.1002/dmrr.3501

J Affect Disord. 2021 Sep 25;296:224-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.060. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Previous research has indicated the association of perceived stress with mental health problems. In China, Confucian collectivism and an exam-centered culture encourage parents to have high educational expectations that impose great pressure on their children’s learning. However, limited research has focused on adolescents’ perceptions of the negative consequences of academic stress stemming from their parents’ educational expectations. This study addressed this research gap by examining the direct effect of adolescents’ perceptions of academic stress on their depressive symptoms and the indirect effects of both parent-child communication and interaction. We further explored the pathway differences between overweight and non-overweight adolescents.

METHODS: By using a sample (n = 6,566) from the first two waves of the China Education Panel Survey, moderated mediation analysis was performed to simultaneously analyze the mediating roles of parent-children communication and parent-children interaction and the moderating role of adolescent overweight status.

RESULTS: Adolescents’ perceived academic stress (W1) was positively associated with their depressive symptoms (W2). This association was partially mediated by both parent-child communication (W1) and parent-child interaction (W1). Moreover, adolescent overweight status significantly moderated the paths between the adolescents’ perceived academic stress and their depressive symptoms, between their perceived academic stress and parent-child interaction, and the indirect relationship via parent-child interaction.

LIMITATIONS: Some measurement biases including self-reported, unverified, and single-item measures, alongside not considering all variations in controlled variables should be noted.

CONCLUSION: The study’s findings identify the significant roles of parent-child communication and parent-children interaction in contemporary China and indicate overweight adolescents’ susceptibility to stress.

PMID:34614439 | DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.060

Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021 Oct 3:102569. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102569. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on choroidal vascularity using the binarization method in a group of treatment-naïve hypertensive patients.

METHODS: There were 48 treatment-naive hypertensive patients who were diagnosed according to the “2013 European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology” guideline and started angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril (Coversyl) in the study. As a control group, 48 healthy volunteers were randomly selected among people who attended the outpatient clinic for routine ophthalmological examination. Enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) images were captured at baseline and at 1 month after treatment. Binarization of the EDI-OCT images was performed by Image-J software. The choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were measured.

RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in CT at all locations (subfoveal, nasal, and temporal) at 1 month after treatment compared with baseline (for all, p˂0.001). Choroidal structural parameters and the mean CVI were statistically significantly increased at 1 month after treatment (for all, p˂0.001). When compared, there was no statistically significant difference for the vascular parameters between the control group and the patient group at 1 month (for all, p>0.05).

CONLUSION: A statistically significant improvement was demonstrated in the choroidal vascular parameters except for the stromal area after treating with an ACE inhibitor in a group of hypertensive patients.

PMID:34614428 | DOI:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102569

J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2021 Oct 6. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.1054. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The prognostic implication of mutant KRAS (mKRAS) among patients with primary disease in the rectum remains unknown.

METHODS: From 2000 to 2018, patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases at 10 collaborating international institutions with documented KRAS status were surveyed.

RESULTS: A total of 834 (65.8%) patients with primary colon cancer and 434 (34.2%) patients with primary rectal cancer were included. In patients with primary colon cancer, mKRAS served as a reliable prognostic biomarker of poor overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR): 1.58, 95%CI 1.28-1.95) in the multivariable analysis. Although a trend towards significance was noted, mKRAS was not found to be an independent predictor of OS in patients with primary rectal tumors (HR 1.34, 95%CI 0.98-1.80). For colon cancer, the specific codon impacted in mKRAS appears to reflect underlying disease biology and oncologic outcomes, with codon 13 being associated with particularly poor OS in patients with left-sided tumors (codon 12, HR 1.56, 95%CI 1.22-1.99; codon 13, HR 2.10 95%CI 1.43-3.08;). Stratifying the rectal patient population by codon mutation did not confer prognostic significance following hepatectomy.

CONCLUSIONS: While the left-sided colonic disease is frequently grouped with rectal disease, our analysis suggests that there exist fundamental biologic differences that drive disparate outcomes. Although there was a trend toward significance of KRAS mutations for patients with primary rectal cancers, it failed to achieve statistical significance.

PMID:34614304 | DOI:10.1002/jhbp.1054

N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114114. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Waning of vaccine protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a concern. The persistence of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine effectiveness against infection and disease in Qatar, where the B.1.351 (or beta) and B.1.617.2 (or delta) variants have dominated incidence and polymerase-chain-reaction testing is done on a mass scale, is unclear.

METHODS: We used a matched test-negative, case-control study design to estimate vaccine effectiveness against any SARS-CoV-2 infection and against any severe, critical, or fatal case of Covid-19, from January 1 to September 5, 2021.

RESULTS: Estimated BNT162b2 effectiveness against any SARS-CoV-2 infection was negligible in the first 2 weeks after the first dose. It increased to 36.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.2 to 40.2) in the third week after the first dose and reached its peak at 77.5% (95% CI, 76.4 to 78.6) in the first month after the second dose. Effectiveness declined gradually thereafter, with the decline accelerating after the fourth month to reach approximately 20% in months 5 through 7 after the second dose. Effectiveness against symptomatic infection was higher than effectiveness against asymptomatic infection but waned similarly. Variant-specific effectiveness waned in the same pattern. Effectiveness against any severe, critical, or fatal case of Covid-19 increased rapidly to 66.1% (95% CI, 56.8 to 73.5) by the third week after the first dose and reached 96% or higher in the first 2 months after the second dose; effectiveness persisted at approximately this level for 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS: BNT162b2-induced protection against SARS-COV-2 infection appeared to wane rapidly following its peak after the second dose, but protection against hospitalization and death persisted at a robust level for 6 months after the second dose. (Funded by Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar and others.).

PMID:34614327 | DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2114114

Mol Ecol. 2021 Oct 6. doi: 10.1111/mec.16213. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Unisexual vertebrates typically form through hybridization events between sexual species in which reproductive mode transitions occur in the hybrid offspring. This evolutionary history is thought to have important consequences for the ecology of unisexual lineages and their interactions with congeners in natural communities. However, these consequences have proven challenging to study owing to uncertainty about patterns of population genetic diversity in unisexual lineages. Of particular interest is resolving the contribution of historical hybridization events vs. postformational mutation to patterns of genetic diversity in nature. Here we use restriction site associated DNA genotyping to evaluate genetic diversity and demographic history in Aspidoscelis laredoensis, a diploid unisexual lizard species from the vicinity of the Rio Grande River in southern Texas and northern Mexico. The sexual progenitor species from which one or more lineages are derived also occur in the Rio Grande Valley region, although patterns of distribution across individual sites are quite variable. Results from population genetic and phylogenetic analyses resolved the major axes of genetic variation in this species and highlight how these match predictions based on historical patterns of hybridization. We also found discordance between results of demographic modelling using different statistical approaches with the genomic data. We discuss these insights within the context of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that generate and maintain lineage diversity in unisexual species. As one of the most dynamic, intriguing, and geographically well investigated groups of whiptail lizards, these species hold substantial promise for future studies on the constraints of diversification in unisexual vertebrates.

PMID:34614250 | DOI:10.1111/mec.16213

Mol Ecol. 2021 Oct 6. doi: 10.1111/mec.16211. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The natural host ranges of many viruses are restricted to very specific taxa. Little is known about the molecular barriers between species that lead to the establishment of this restriction or generally prevent virus emergence in new hosts. Here, we identify genomic polymorphisms in a natural rodent host associated with a strong genetic barrier to the transmission of European Tula orthohantavirus (TULV). We analyzed the very abrupt spatial transition between two major phylogenetic clades in TULV across the comparatively much wider natural hybrid zone between evolutionary lineages of their reservoir host, the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Genomic scans of 79 225 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in 323 TULV infected host individuals detected 30 SNPs that were consistently associated with the TULV clades CEN.S or EST.S in two replicate sampling transects. Focusing the analysis on 199 voles with evidence of genomic admixture at the individual level (0.1 – 0.9) supported statistical significance for all 30 loci. Host genomic variation at these SNPs explained up to 37.6% of clade-specific TULV infections. Genes in the vicinity of associated SNPs include SAHH, ITCH and two members of the Syngr gene family, which are involved in functions related to immune response or membrane transport. This study demonstrates the relevance of natural hybrid zones as systems not only for studying processes of evolutionary divergence and speciation, but also for the detection of evolving genetic barriers for specialized parasites.

PMID:34614264 | DOI:10.1111/mec.16211

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2021 Oct 6. doi: 10.1002/jpen.2272. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) analogue teduglutide is an effective drug for the treatment of patients suffering from short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure (SBS-IF). This intestinotrophic peptide improves intestinal capacity for fluid and nutrient absorption through induction of mucosal growth and reduction of gastrointestinal motility. Clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of teduglutide in reducing the need for parenteral support. This study describes an SBS-IF patient population receiving teduglutide therapy in a specialized medical care setting.

METHOD: A retrospective analysis was performed using data of patients suffering from non-malignant SBS-IF. They were treated with teduglutide in a multidisciplinary SBS-IF program at a single university medical center between June 2016 and June 2020.

RESULTS: Thirteen patients were treated with teduglutide and included into the final analysis. Mean small bowel length was 82±31cm with 77% of patients having their colon in continuity. Over a median follow-up period of 107 weeks, all patients (13/13, 100%) responded to the therapy with a clinically significant reduction of parenteral support volume. Mean parenteral support reduction increased with therapy duration and ranged from -82.5% at week 24 (n = 13) to -100% in patients (n = 5) who were treated for 144 weeks. Enteral autonomy was achieved in 12/13 (92%). Teduglutide therapy also improved stool frequency and consistency, changed dietary habits and reduced disease-associated sleep disruptions.

CONCLUSION: Integrating SBS-IF patients treated with teduglutide in a pro-active and tight-meshed patient care program significantly improves the clinical outcome leading to an increased proportion of patients who reach enteral autonomy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:34614239 | DOI:10.1002/jpen.2272

Int Endod J. 2021 Oct 6. doi: 10.1111/iej.13638. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To investigate the influence of strain differences in immune responses on the pathogenesis of experimental periapical lesions in Dark Agouti (DA) and Albino Oxford (AO) inbred strains of rats.

METHODOLOGY: Periapical lesions were induced in male DA and AO rats by pulp exposure of the first mandibular right molars to the oral environment. Animals were sacrificed 21 days after pulp exposure. The mandibular jaws were retrieved and prepared for radiographic, pathohistological, immunohistochemical analysis, real-time PCR, and flow cytometry. Blood samples and the supernatant of periapical lesions were collected for measurement of cytokines and oxidative stress marker levels. Statistical analysis was performed the Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U non-parametric tests or parametric One-Way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-test to determine the differences between groups depending on the normality of the data. A significant difference was considered when p values were < .05.

RESULTS: DA rats developed significantly larger (p˂.05) periapical lesions compared to AO rats as confirmed by radiographic and pathohistological analysis. The immunohistochemical staining intensity for CD3 was significantly higher in periapical lesions of DA rats compared to AO rats (p˂.05). In DA rats, periapical lesions had a significantly higher (p˂.05) percentage of CD3+ cells compared to AO rats. Also, the percentage of INF-γ, IL-17, and IL-10 CD3+CD4+ cells was significantly higher in DA rats (p˂.05). DA rats had a significantly higher Th17/Th10 ratio. RT-PCR expression of IL-1β, INF-γ, and IL-17 genes was significantly higher in periapical lesions of DA compared to AO rats (p˂.05). The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio was higher in DA compared to AO rats with periapical lesions (p˂.05). Systemic levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in DA compared to AO rats (p˂.05). Levels of lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced glutathione were significantly higher (p˂.05) in the supernatant in the periapical lesions of DA rats.

CONCLUSION: After pulp exposure, Dark Agouti rats developed much larger periapical lesions compared to Albino Oxford rats. Genetically determined differences in immunopathology have been demonstrated to be a significant element defining the severity of periapical lesions.

PMID:34614243 | DOI:10.1111/iej.13638