Nevin Manimala

BMJ Open. 2024 Apr 15;14(4):e082734. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082734.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Buddhist novices reside in Buddhist temples, which are legally designated as smoke-free areas. Nevertheless, similar to other men in their age group, they are susceptible to various risk factors that lead to smoking. This digital survey aimed to examine tobacco smoking and its associated factors among Buddhist novices in Thailand.

DESIGN: A cross-sectional digital survey.

SETTING: 88 temple-based schools in Thailand.

PARTICIPANTS: A stratified two-stage cluster sampling method was employed to select 5371 novices. Data were collected between June and August 2022 using self-administered electronic questionnaires.

MEASURE: Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify the associated factors.

RESULTS: Overall, 32.8% of the respondents reported they had tried smoking, and the average age of initiation was 12.4 years. In the past 30 days, 25.7% had smoked any tobacco product. Multiple factors following the ecological model of health behaviour were found to be statistically associated with smoking by 37.3%. Among these were intrapersonal-level factors, such as age, living in the southern region and attempted smoking. Two were interpersonal-level factors: the smoking behaviour of close relatives, specifically parents, and their respected monks. Two were institutional-level factors: perceiving that temple-based schools are smoke-free areas and exposure to secondhand smoke. Three factors at the community and policy levels were noticed tobacco advertising at the point of sale, social media and tobacco promotion.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support the development of comprehensive intervention programmes that address the multiple factors to prevent Buddhist novices from smoking.

PMID:38626965 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082734

BMJ Open. 2024 Apr 16;14(4):e081647. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081647.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of missed nursing care and its associated factors among public hospitals in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia.

DESIGN: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 369 randomly selected nurses.

SETTING: The study was conducted in primary and secondary-level public hospitals in Bahir Dar City.

PARTICIPANTS: Nurses who had worked in hospitals in Bahir Dar City were included.

INTERVENTION: No intervention was needed in this study.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: A binary logistic regression model was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance of the association between outcome variables and independent variables was declared at a p value of <0.05 with a 95% CI.

RESULTS: The prevalence of missed nursing care in this study was 46.3% (95% CI: 41.7% to 50.9%). The activities most frequently missed were physical examination (56.4%), patient discharge planning and teaching (50.9%), providing emotional support to the patient and family (50.8%), monitoring input and output (50.2%), assisting with patient ambulation (48.5%) and documentation (48%). Factors associated with missed nursing care include: male professionals (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.9, 95% CI: 1.8 to 4.8), those who had not received on-the-job training (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.4 to 3.6), those who worked full 24-hour shifts (AOR: 3.7, 95% CI: 2.0 to 6.5), those who were dissatisfied with the level of teamwork (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 2.8 to 7.6) and those who had an intention to leave the nursing profession (AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.9). These factors were statistically associated with missed nursing care.

CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of nurses missed essential nursing care activities. Efforts should be made to enhance training, improve teamwork among nurses, provide stability and adjust work shifts to mitigate this issue.

PMID:38626963 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081647

BMJ Open. 2024 Apr 15;14(4):e071036. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071036.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the incremental costs and benefits of scaling up hypertension care in adults in 24 select countries, using three different systolic blood pressure (SBP) treatment cut-off points-≥140, ≥150 and ≥160 mm Hg.

INTERVENTION: Strengthening the hypertension care cascade compared with status quo levels, with pharmacological treatment administered at different cut-points depending on the scenario.

TARGET POPULATION: Adults aged 30+ in 24 low-income and middle-income countries spanning all world regions.

PERSPECTIVE: Societal.

TIME HORIZON: 30 years.

DISCOUNT RATE: 4%.

COSTING YEAR: 2020 USD.

STUDY DESIGN: DATA SOURCES: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Epi Visualisations database-country-specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, prevalence and death rates. Mean SBP and prevalence-National surveys and NCD-RisC. Treatment protocols-WHO HEARTS. Treatment impact-academic literature. Costs-national and international databases.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Health outcomes-averted stroke and myocardial infarction events, deaths and disability-adjusted life-years; economic outcomes-averted health expenditures, value of averted mortality and workplace productivity losses.

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS: Across 24 countries, over 30 years, incremental scale-up of hypertension care for adults with SBP≥140 mm Hg led to 2.6 million averted CVD events and 1.2 million averted deaths (7% of expected CVD deaths). 68% of benefits resulted from treating those with very high SBP (≥160 mm Hg). 10 of the 12 highest-income countries projected positive net benefits at one or more treatment cut-points, compared with 3 of the 12 lowest-income countries. Treating hypertension at SBP≥160 mm Hg maximised the net economic benefit in the lowest-income countries.

LIMITATIONS: The model only included a few hypertension-attributable diseases and did not account for comorbid risk factors. Modelled scenarios assumed ambitious progress on strengthening the care cascade.

CONCLUSIONS: In areas where economic considerations might play an outsized role, such as very low-income countries, prioritising treatment to populations with severe hypertension can maximise benefits net of economic costs.

PMID:38626959 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071036

BMJ. 2024 Apr 16;385:q832. doi: 10.1136/bmj.q832.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38626954 | DOI:10.1136/bmj.q832

BMJ. 2024 Apr 16;385:q824. doi: 10.1136/bmj.q824.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38626949 | DOI:10.1136/bmj.q824

BMJ. 2024 Apr 16;385:e078378. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2023-078378.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38626948 | DOI:10.1136/bmj-2023-078378

BMJ Open Qual. 2024 Apr 15;13(2):e002534. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002534.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Intravenous albumin has limited indications supported by randomised controlled trials, yet it is often prescribed for indications not supported by evidence.

AIM: To reduce unnecessary transfusion of albumin.

INTERVENTIONS: Under the leadership of a multidisciplinary quality improvement team, evidence-based recommendations were disseminated in tandem with a new electronic order set, an educational strategy, qualitative interviews with prescribers and a return policy change to reduce wastage.

IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION: Interventions were introduced in a staggered fashion. The primary outcome, appropriate use of albumin, was monitored and quantified using pre-intervention and post-intervention audits. Process measures included statistical process run charts of monthly usage of 5% and 25% albumin and wastage. Data on length of stay (hospital and intensive care), new inpatient starts on kidney replacement and mortality were collected as balancing measures.

RESULTS: Appropriate albumin usage based on indication increased from 30% to 50% (p<0.0001). There was significantly less overall albumin usage in the post-intervention period compared with the pre-intervention period (negative coefficient, p<0.0001), driven by a major reduction in the utilisation of the 5% formulation (p<0.0001). Overall albumin usage was significantly lower in the post-intervention period, decreasing from 800 to 450 vials per month. The intervention resulted in significantly less wastage (negative coefficient, p=0.017). Mortality, length of stay and new starts on kidney replacement therapy remained constant throughout the study period.

CONCLUSION: Improved prescribing of albumin was achieved with a multifaceted approach. Substantial and sustained reductions in usage were achieved without negatively impacting patient-important outcomes. The estimated annual savings for the purchase cost of albumin was CAN $300 000. We provide a structured process for other organisations to optimise their use of albumin.

PMID:38626937 | DOI:10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002534

Eur J Neurosci. 2024 Apr 16. doi: 10.1111/ejn.16324. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Musical engagement can be conceptualized through various activities, modes of listening and listener states. Recent research has reported that a state of focused engagement can be indexed by the inter-subject correlation (ISC) of audience responses to a shared naturalistic stimulus. While statistically significant ISC has been reported during music listening, we lack insight into the temporal dynamics of engagement over the course of musical works-such as those composed in the Western classical style-which involve the formulation of expectations that are realized or derailed at subsequent points of arrival. Here, we use the ISC of electroencephalographic (EEG) and continuous behavioural (CB) responses to investigate the time-varying dynamics of engagement with functional tonal music. From a sample of adult musicians who listened to a complete cello concerto movement, we found that ISC varied throughout the excerpt for both measures. In particular, significant EEG ISC was observed during periods of musical tension that built to climactic highpoints, while significant CB ISC corresponded more to declarative entrances and points of arrival. Moreover, we found that a control stimulus retaining envelope characteristics of the intact music, but little other temporal structure, also elicited significantly correlated EEG and CB responses, though to lesser extents than the original version. In sum, these findings shed light on the temporal dynamics of engagement during music listening and clarify specific aspects of musical engagement that may be indexed by each measure.

PMID:38626924 | DOI:10.1111/ejn.16324

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2024 Apr 16. doi: 10.1055/a-2307-8036. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease in addition to their glucose-lowering effects. We directly compared the effects of these drugs when used individually or in combination on cardiovascular atherosclerotic lesion development using diabetic ApoE-deficient hyperlipidemic mice. Methods We treated ApoE-deficient mice with streptozotocin and nicotinamide, generating a type 2 diabetes model. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: vehicle-treated (Untreated), liraglutide (LIRA), ipragliflozin (IPRA), and combination therapy (Combo). These mice as well as non-diabetic controls were fed a high-fat diet. After 8 weeks of drug administration, the heart and aorta were removed and analyzed. Results Atherosclerotic lesions evaluated by oil red O (ORO) staining were significantly larger in the Untreated group (13.4 ± 0.8% of total aortic area) than in the non-diabetic controls (4.4 ± 0.5%, p < 0.01), while being reduced in the Combo (6.0 ± 1.0%, p < 0.01) as compared with the Untreated group. The ORO stain-positive area in the LIRA and IPRA groups tended to be reduced but their differences failed to reach statistical significance. Transcript levels of Mcp1 and Sirt1 were significantly reduced and increased, respectively, in the Combo as compared with the Untreated group, while no significant changes were observed in the monotherapy groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that combination therapy with liraglutide and ipragliflozin may be an efficient regimen for preventing the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE-deficient mice.

PMID:38626913 | DOI:10.1055/a-2307-8036

Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2024 Apr 16. doi: 10.1055/s-0044-1782685. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The benefits of minimally invasive techniques in cardiac surgery remain poorly defined. We evaluated the short- and mid-term outcomes after surgical aortic valve replacement through partial upper versus complete median sternotomy (MS) in a large, German multicenter cohort.

METHODS: A total of 2,929 patients underwent isolated surgical aortic valve replacement via partial upper sternotomy (PUS, n = 1,764) or MS (n = 1,165) at nine participating heart centers between 2016 and 2020. After propensity-score matching, 1,990 patients were eligible for analysis. The primary end point was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), a composite of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke at 30 days and in follow-up, up to 5 years. Secondary end points were acute kidney injury, length of hospital stay, transfusions, deep sternal wound infection, Dressler’s syndrome, rehospitalization, and conversion to sternotomy.

RESULTS: Unadjusted MACCE rates were significantly lower in the PUS group both at 30 days (p = 0.02) and in 5-year follow-up (p = 0.01). However, after propensity-score matching, differences between the groups were no more statistically significant: MACCE rates were 3.9% (PUS) versus 5.4% (MS, p = 0.14) at 30 days, and 9.9 versus 11.3% in 5-year follow-up (p = 0.36). In the minimally invasive group, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay was shorter (p = 0.03), Dressler’s syndrome occurred less frequently (p = 0.006), and the rate of rehospitalization was reduced significantly (p < 0.001). There were 3.8% conversions to full sternotomy.

CONCLUSION: In a large, German multicenter cohort, MACCE rates were comparable in surgical aortic valve replacement through partial upper and complete sternotomies. Shorter ICU stay and lower rates of Dressler’s syndrome and rehospitalization were in favor of the partial sternotomy group.

PMID:38626902 | DOI:10.1055/s-0044-1782685