Nevin Manimala

Clin Transl Sci. 2025 May;18(5):e70222. doi: 10.1111/cts.70222.

ABSTRACT

Rational prescribing in geriatrics represents an important ethical as well as socio-economic issue. The aim of this project was to analyze the drug-related problems (DRPs) among the Czech nursing home residents and increase public awareness of further possible employment of clinical pharmacists in social care. The project was designed as a multicenter observational study. A total of 16 nursing homes and 800 participants with an average age of 84.6 ± 7.3 years were included in the study. Of them, a DRP was noted in 93.3% of people. The total amount of DRPs identified was 2215, which means an average of 2.8 ± 1.6 DRPs per patient. The most common DRPs identified were ‘overtreatment’ (19.5%), ‘undertreatment’ (12.8%), inappropriate dose (10.6%), recommendations for laboratory monitoring (10.4%) and adverse effects (10.3%). Of different drug classes, BZDs (OR 16.6, 95% CI 1.0-270.2), PPIs (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.6) and NSAIDs (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.1-18.3) were identified to be most commonly associated with DRPs. The risk of DRP identification clearly increased with the number of drugs used, with seven drugs demonstrated as the best cut-off for predicting DRP identification (AUC 0.842, sensitivity 0.602; specificity 0.796). ‘SENIOR’ project has confirmed a high rate of excessive polypharmacy among nursing home residents in the Czech republic resulting in high risk of potential and manifested DRPs. The project emphasized the role of clinical pharmacists in optimizing safety and effectiveness of treatment among older nursing home residents.

PMID:40388195 | DOI:10.1111/cts.70222

Reproduction. 2025 May 1:REP-25-0087. doi: 10.1530/REP-25-0087. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Superovulation is widely used to maximise oocyte/embryo yield in animal models. However, it has been implicated in disrupting normal follicular development, potentially affecting perifollicular angiogenesis. This study investigated the impact of superovulation on ovarian perifollicular neoangiogenesis using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM), and by quantitatively profiling the three-dimensional (3D) perifollicular capillary bed in murine antral follicles. Dioestrus CD1 mice received 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) intraperitoneally, and ovaries were collected 24 and 48 hours later, with those from normal cycling females (dioestrus, proestrus, oestrus) as controls. Ovaries were fixed and labelled with fluorescently tagged Wheat Germ Agglutinin lectin and CD34 to visualise the oocyte zona pellucida and thecal vasculature, respectively. Optically cleared samples were imaged using LSFM, and 3D volume rendering, vessel segmentation, and image analysis were performed using Arivis Vision 4D and Fiji. Quantitative metrics including vessel volume, length, branching, density, spatial arrangement and oocyte characteristics were profiled. Statistical analysis was based on Kruskal-Wallis tests. PMSG-induced superovulation showed dose-dependent effects on perifollicular vasculature, causing premature (24h) neoangiogenesis at 7.5 IU and reduced final (48h) vessel density at 2.5 IU compared to naturally cycling animals. Whereas the former may be a compensatory mechanism for reduced blood flow to individual follicles, the latter suggests an insufficient response to ovarian stimulation. By contrast, intrafollicular metrics were largely unaffected. This study provides the first comprehensive quantitative 3D analysis of thecal vasculature and oocytes in murine ovaries and highlights its potential applications in other areas of reproductive biology.

PMID:40388193 | DOI:10.1530/REP-25-0087

JAMA Intern Med. 2025 May 19. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.1189. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Whether the choice of the second-line glucose-lowering treatment added to metformin or glycemic control affects cognitive performance in T2D of relatively short duration (<10 years) is not known.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the relative effect of 4 classes of glucose-lowering medications that were randomly added to metformin on cognitive performance and to examine the association of longitudinal glycemic levels with cognitive performance.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This randomized clinical trial (the GRADE study) was conducted at 36 clinical centers in the US and included 3721 participants with T2D with baseline and follow-up cognitive performance data. GRADE was implemented 2013 to 2021, and data for this study were analyzed from February 2024 to February 2025.

INTERVENTIONS: For the primary objective, the exposure was randomization of metformin-treated participants to receive long-acting insulin (insulin glargine U-100), sulfonylurea (glimepiride), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (liraglutide), or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin). The secondary objective assessed time-weighted hemoglobin A1c levels over the follow-up period.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary cognitive outcome was the Digit Symbol Substitution Test score; the secondary cognitive outcomes were the immediate and delayed recall in the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test and letter and category fluency test scores.

RESULTS: At baseline, the mean (SD) duration of T2D was 4.3 (2.7) years, and the mean (SD) age was 57.1 (9.8) years. Most participants were male (2320 [62.3%]; 1401 female individuals [37.7%]) and non-Hispanic (3015 [81.6%]; 681 Hispanic individuals [18.4%]); 712 (19.1%) were Black and 2452 (65.9%) were White; 777 (20.9%) were recruited from Veterans Affairs medical centers. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in the cognitive outcomes at follow-up. However, a 1-unit increase in time-weighted hemoglobin A1c levels was associated with modestly lower Digit Symbol Substitution Test scores (-0.94 points; 95% CI, -1.30 to -0.57), Spanish English Verbal Learning Test scores (immediate recall, -0.27 points; 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.06), and category fluency test scores (animal fluency, -0.28 points; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.09) over the mean (SD) of 4.1 (0.1) years of follow-up. Severe hypoglycemia requiring assistance was uncommon in all 4 groups (34 participants [0.9%]).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this randomized clinical trial suggest that choice of second-line glucose-lowering medication class added to metformin is not associated with change in cognitive performance in persons with early T2D. Worse glycemic control is associated with modestly worse cognitive performance.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01794143.

PMID:40388190 | DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.1189

JAMA Neurol. 2025 May 19. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1317. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Cluster headache, characterized by bouts of excruciating pain attacks, detrimentally affects health and quality of life. Eptinezumab is an anticalcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody approved for migraine prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of eptinezumab in the preventive treatment of episodic cluster headache.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized (1:1) clinical trial (Eptinezumab in Participants With Episodic Cluster Headache [ALLEVIATE]) was conducted between December 2020 and October 2023. Results are from the initial 4-week randomized phase. The study took place at 64 sites across Europe, the US, and Japan. Included were adults (aged 18-75 years) with a history of episodic cluster headache for 1 or more years (with bouts lasting ≥6 weeks when untreated) and previous acute and preventive medication use.

INTERVENTIONS: Eptinezumab, 400 mg, or placebo (intravenous infusion).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was the change from baseline in the number of weekly attacks in weeks 1 to 2. Safety was assessed using treatment-emergent adverse events.

RESULTS: Of 628 total participants screened, 320 entered the second screening period, and 231 met eligibility criteria. Of the 231 participants randomized (eptinezumab, n = 118; placebo, n = 113), 215 (93%) completed the placebo-controlled period. The participant mean (SD) age was 44 (11) years, and 178 of 229 were male (78%). At baseline, the mean (SD) weekly attacks were 15.2 (8.1) in the eptinezumab group and 15.7 (8.3) in the placebo group. There was no statistically significant difference between eptinezumab and placebo in the change from baseline in the number of weekly attacks over weeks 1 to 2 (least-squares mean [SE], -4.0 [0.93] vs -4.6 [0.89]; between-group difference, 0.7; 95% CI, -1.3 to 2.6; P = .50). More eptinezumab-treated participants achieved 50% or greater response vs placebo over week 2 (50.9% [54 of 106] vs 37.3% [41 of 110]; odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% CI, 1.03-3.07; P =.04), week 3 (62.5% [65 of 104] vs 43.8% [49 of 112]; OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.30-3.97; P =.004), and week 4 (66.7% [68 of 102] vs 50.5% [54 of 107]; OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.21-3.83; P =.009). Eptinezumab showed numerically larger improvements than placebo for 75% or greater response, average daily pain scores, and across other patient-reported outcomes. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 25.0% of patients (28 of 112) receiving eptinezumab and 26.5% of patients (31 of 117) receiving placebo.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among adults with episodic cluster headache, eptinezumab did not significantly reduce the number of attacks vs placebo, although it was associated with numerically higher responder rates and improvements in average daily pain and patient-reported outcomes. Eptinezumab was generally well tolerated.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04688775.

PMID:40388178 | DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1317

Dev Psychol. 2025 May 19. doi: 10.1037/dev0001966. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Memory-derived predictions help us to anticipate incoming sensory evidence. A mismatch between prediction and evidence leads to a prediction error (PE). Previous research suggested that PEs enhance memory of the surprising events. Here, we systematically investigated the effect of PE on episodic memory in children (10-12 years old), younger adults (18-30 years old), and older adults (66-70 years old). Participants learned visual object pairs over 2 days. On Day 3, new objects were shown among the pairs, either after the first item of a pair (violation items), that is, instead of the second item, or between pairs (nonviolation items), that is, when no specific predictions were possible. Our results did not reveal a significant boosting effect of PE on memory in any of the age groups. In contrast, in children, violations resulted in lower memory specificity compared with nonviolations. Older adults showed lower memory specificity than the other age groups across violations and nonviolations. We conclude that the beneficial effect of PE on episodic memory may be less consistent than theoretically postulated and may not always be observed in experimental settings involving statistical learning and item-specific violations, and that children’s memory specificity may even suffer from PE. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:40388174 | DOI:10.1037/dev0001966

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 May 1;8(5):e258199. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.8199.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Post-cancer therapy kidney outcomes, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension, are common in childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The incidence and timing of CKD and hypertension in CCS compared with other at-risk or general populations are unclear.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of childhood cancer treatment with post-cancer therapy CKD or hypertension.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based matched cohort study of children treated for cancer between April 1993 and March 2020 in Ontario, Canada, with follow-up until March 2021. The CCS (exposed) cohort included children (≤18 years) surviving cancer. Comparator cohorts were a hospitalization cohort (children who were hospitalized) and a general pediatric population (GP) cohort (all other Ontario children). Exclusion criteria were history of previous cancer, organ transplant, CKD, dialysis, or hypertension. Matching with each of the 2 comparator cohorts was performed separately and in a 1:4 ratio by age, sex, rural vs urban status, income quintile, index year, and presence of previous hospitalization. Data were analyzed from March 2021 to August 2024.

EXPOSURE: Treatment for cancer.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the composite of CKD or hypertension, defined by administrative health care diagnosis and procedure codes. Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard modeling, accounting for competing risks (death and new cancer diagnosis or relapse) and adjusting for cardiac disease, liver disease, and diabetes, was used to determine the association of cancer treatment with outcomes.

RESULTS: There were 10 182 CCS (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 7 [3-13] years; 5529 male [54.3%]; median [IQR] follow-up time, 8 [2-15] years) matched to 40 728 hospitalization cohort patients (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 7 [2-12] years; 5529 male [weighted percentage, 54.3%]; median [IQR] follow-up time, 11 [6-18] years) and 8849 CCS (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 5 [2-11] years; 4825 male [54.5%]; median [IQR] follow-up time, 7 [2-14] years) matched to 35 307 GP cohort individuals (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 6 [2-11] years; 4825 male [weighted percentage, 54.5%]; median [IQR] follow-up time, 10 [5-16] years). Most frequent cancer types were leukemia (2948 patients [29.0%]), central nervous system neoplasms (2123 patients [20.9%]), and lymphoma (1583 patients [15.5%]). During observation, cumulative incidence of CKD or hypertension was 20.85% (95% CI, 18.75%-23.02%) in the CCS cohort vs 16.47% (95% CI, 15.21%-17.77%) in the hospitalization cohort and 19.24% (95% CI, 15.99%-22.73%) in the CCS cohort vs 8.05% (95% CI, 6.76%-9.49%) in the GP cohort. CCS were at increased risk of CKD or hypertension compared with the hospitalization cohort (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.86-2.14; P < .001) and the GP cohort (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.71; 95% CI, 4.27-5.19; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this population-based study, CCS were at increased risk for CKD and hypertension, which are associated with mortality, suggesting that early detection and treatment of these conditions in CCS may decrease late complications and mortality.

PMID:40388170 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.8199

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 May 1;8(5):e2510894. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.10894.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Evidence from everyday dining situations regarding the effects of traffic light labels (TLLs) on dietary improvement remains inconsistent.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of TLLs on dietary consumption and choices in cafeteria settings.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This 2-arm, parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted at a company staff cafeteria in Shanghai, China, from September to December 2022. Of 153 adult participants, 76 were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 77 to the control group. Data analysis was conducted from July to October 2024.

INTERVENTION: The intervention group gained access to TLLs offering a comprehensive rating of added sugar, fat, and sodium for each dish on the lunch menu, while the control group did not.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were lunch intake of added sugar, fat, and sodium. Secondary outcomes included the mean traffic light score (calculated based on the number of dishes consumed, with higher scores indicating worse overall dietary choices) and number of green-coded (reaching dietary recommendations), yellow-coded (between the recommendation and mean intake of the Chinese population), and red-coded (above the upper limit of intake) dishes. The primary and secondary outcomes were automatically calculated based on the precollected recipe dataset of the cafeteria and the Chinese food composition database when participants ordered meals using an applet during weekday lunchtime. Weekly median values of these outcomes were used for analyses, which were conducted for the intention-to-treat population.

RESULTS: Among 153 participants, the mean (SD) age was 32.7 (7.5) years, and 97 (63.4%) were female. At week 12, compared with the control group, the intervention group demonstrated no statistically significant decrease in dietary consumption of added sugar (mean difference, -0.15 [95% CI, -0.75 to 0.46] g), fat (mean difference, -1.54 [95% CI, -6.13 to 3.05] g), or sodium (mean difference, -116.12 [95% CI, -454.78 to 222.54] mg). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed in dietary choices based on the mean traffic light score (mean difference, -0.05 [95% CI, -0.12 to 0.03]) or the number of green-coded (odds ratio [OR], 1.15 [95% CI, 0.99-1.32]), yellow-coded (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.90-1.20]), and red-coded (OR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.57-1.23]) dishes.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this randomized clinical trial, TLLs indicating added sugar, fat, and sodium ratings on menus failed to improve dietary consumption and choices in a company cafeteria setting. This finding suggests that TLLs on menus may not effectively promote dietary improvement in this setting.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2100051771.

PMID:40388169 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.10894

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 May 1;8(5):e2511430. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11430.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: There are more than 2.1 million adult survivors of cancer diagnosed in adolescence and young adulthood (AYA) in the US. Although the mental health burden during treatment has been well documented, the long-term mental health trajectories of survivors of AYA cancer into later adulthood have not been explored.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence and trajectories of mental health challenges among middle-aged or older survivors of AYA cancer compared with those who received a diagnosis as adults or individuals without cancer.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used cross-sectional data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to characterize mental health outcomes for US adults older than 50 years and longitudinal data to examine trajectories of mental health outcomes. The study started on September 1, 2023. HRS is a longitudinal, population-based national sample that interviews approximately 20 000 participants every 2 years since 1992 on topics related to health, employment, income, and others.

EXPOSURE: A diagnosis of cancer during AYA, defined as ages 15 to 39 years.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcomes were lifetime prevalence of psychiatric issues, prescription medication for anxiety and/or depression, meeting criteria for Major Depressive Disorder using Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form scoring, depression symptoms using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression measure, and anxiety symptoms using items from the Beck Anxiety Inventory.

RESULTS: A total of 39 668 respondents (22 166 female [55.88%]; mean [SE] age at HRS entry, 59 [0.05] years; age range, 18-103 years; 7699 Black or African American [19.41%]; 28 459 White [71.74%]; 3402 other race [8.58%], which includes American Indian and Asian; and 108 [0.27%] missing) were identified who reported having cancer as an AYA (374 respondents), receiving a first-time cancer diagnosis after study onset as adults (5045 respondents), or never having cancer (34 249 respondents). Cross-sectional estimates revealed survivors of AYA cancer had the highest prevalence of lifetime psychiatric issues (16.36% [95% CI, 7.17%-25.55%] to 37.80% [95% CI, 26.55%-49.06%]), prescription anxiety and/or depression medication (25.10% [95% CI, 17.09%-33.10%] to 33.78% [95% CI, 23.93%-43.64%]), and meeting major depression criteria (13.13% [95% CI, 6.08%-20.18%] to 20.96% [12.91%-29.01%]) versus other cohorts. Compared with adult cancer survivors and even after adjusting for demographic covariates, AYA cancer survivors had higher odds of lifetime psychiatric issues (in 4 of 14 waves), similar odds of taking anxiety or depression medications, and higher odds of meeting major depression criteria (in 3 of 7 waves). Linear mixed-effects growth models revealed age-dependent U-shaped trajectories for depression and anxiety symptoms but significantly higher mean levels of symptoms among AYA cancer survivors. A flattening of anxiety symptoms later in life was only observed for AYA cancer survivors.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, survivors of AYA cancer reported significantly worse mental health trajectories into middle or older adulthood, compared with individuals who experienced cancer as adults or never had it. Cancer clinicians should recognize the mental health burden for this population into middle age and older adulthood.

PMID:40388164 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11430

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 May 1;8(5):e2511499. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11499.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Patients hospitalized with nonsevere COVID-19 continue to receive community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) antibiotic treatment despite a low risk of bacterial coinfection. Unnecessary antibiotic prescribing contributes to global antibiotic resistance and also poses a threat to individual patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of CAP antibiotic treatment started on admission with clinical outcomes among a large sample of patients hospitalized for nonsevere COVID-19 in hospitals across the US.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study used a target trial emulation design. Participants were adult, immunocompetent patients admitted to general care for COVID-19 from April 2020 to December 2023 at 1053 US-based acute-care hospitals that contribute data to the Premier Healthcare Database. Patients with nonpneumonia bacterial infections present on admission were excluded. Data were analyzed from April to October 2024.

EXPOSURE: Receipt of a CAP antibiotic regimen on the day of admission.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was a composite measure of deterioration (vasopressor, high-flow oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, intermediate care, intensive care unit admission) and in-hospital mortality occurring on day 2 or later. The association between receipt of antibiotic therapy and the primary outcome was assessed using propensity methods while adjusting for a broad set of potential confounders, including cotreatments.

RESULTS: The cohort included 520 405 patients with COVID-19 (median [IQR] age, 66 [53-78] years; 266 186 [51.2%] male), including 92 708 Black patients (17.8%), 63 619 Hispanic patients (12.2%), and 304 649 White patients (58.5%); 279 656 patients (53.7%) had Medicare insurance. A total of 160 482 patients (30.8%) were treated with a CAP antibiotic regimen on day 1 of admission. The primary composite outcome was higher in the CAP group (20.8%) compared with the unexposed (no antibiotic) group (18.4%), but the difference did not meet the predefined criteria for clinical significance (ASD, 4.1%). Patients who received CAP antibiotics had higher odds of poor clinical outcomes (propensity matched-odds ratio [OR], 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01-1.05]; P = .003; inverse probability treatment weighted-OR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.02-1.05]; P < .001; standardized mortality ratio weighted-OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.08-1.12]; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this large cohort study of patients hospitalized with nonsevere COVID-19, there was no clinically meaningful difference in outcomes with early antibiotic treatment. Given the risks associated with unnecessary antibiotic treatment, these results argue against routine antibiotic use in this population.

PMID:40388163 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.11499

Psychol Rev. 2025 May 19. doi: 10.1037/rev0000549. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

A fundamental question in the psychological sciences is the degree to which culture shapes core cognitive processes-perhaps none more foundational than how we perceive the world around us. A dramatic and oft-cited “case study” of culture’s power in this regard is the Müller-Lyer illusion, which depicts two lines of equal length but with arrowheads pointing either inward or outward, creating the illusion that one line is longer than the other. According to a line of research stretching back over a century, depending on the society you were raised in (and how much carpentry you were exposed to), you may not see the illusion at all-an ambitious and influential research program motivating claims that seemingly basic aspects of visual processing may actually be “culturally evolved byproducts.” This cultural byproduct hypothesis bears on foundational issues in the science, philosophy, and sociology of psychology, and remains popular today. Yet, here we argue that it is almost certainly false. We synthesize evidence from diverse fields which demonstrate that (a) the illusion is not limited to humans, appearing in nonhuman animals from diverse ecologies; (b) the statistics of natural scenes are sufficient to capture the illusion; (c) the illusion does not require straight lines typical of carpentry (nor even any lines at all); (d) the illusion arises in sense modalities other than vision; and (e) the illusion arises even in congenitally blind subjects. Moreover, by reexamining historical data and ethnographic descriptions from the original case studies, we show that the evidence for cultural variation and its correlation with key cultural variables is in fact highly inconsistent, beset by questionable research practices, and misreported by later discussions. Together, these considerations undermine the most popular and dramatic example of cultural influence on perception. We further extend our case beyond this phenomenon, showing that many of these considerations apply to other visual illusions as well, including similarly implicated visual phenomena such as the Ebbinghaus, Ponzo, Poggendorf, and horizontal-vertical illusions. We conclude by outlining future approaches to cross-cultural research on perception, and we also point to other potential sources of cultural variation in visual processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:40388159 | DOI:10.1037/rev0000549