Nevin Manimala

Prog Orthod. 2025 May 16;26(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s40510-025-00565-3.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Observational studies indicate that obesity correlates with jaw development and remodeling; however, causality remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the potential causal relationship between life-course adiposity and jaw anomalies.

METHODS: Utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies predominantly of European ancestry, we conducted univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate overall and independent effects of six obesity traits (birth weight, childhood body size, childhood body mass index [BMI], adult BMI, adult body fat percentage, and adult waist circumference) on seven jaw anomalies, including bimaxillary hypoplasia, prognathism, retrognathism, and jaw asymmetry. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses verified robustness, assessed heterogeneity, and examined pleiotropy.

RESULTS: In univariate analyses, genetically predicted thinner childhood body size (inverse variance weighted [IVW] OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.27-0.62, p < 0.001), adult BMI (IVW OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53-0.80, p < 0.001), and waist circumference (IVW OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45-0.82, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with the risk of mandibular retrognathia following Bonferroni correction. Multivariable MR analysis revealed a direct causal effect of childhood body size on mandibular retrognathia, independent of birth weight, adult adiposity, growth hormones, and lifestyle factors. No evidence was found for causal associations between life-course adiposity and other jaw anomalies. Sensitivity analyses produced broadly consistent findings.

CONCLUSIONS: This MR study provides new evidence on the direct causal effects of thin childhood body size on the risk of mandibular retrognathia, emphasizing the critical role of early childhood nutrition and weight management in craniofacial development.

PMID:40377818 | DOI:10.1186/s40510-025-00565-3

Obes Surg. 2025 May 16. doi: 10.1007/s11695-025-07858-w. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are global health crises, with bariatric surgery emerging as a key intervention. However, the comparative efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) versus sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in achieving diabetes remission remains debated.

METHODS: This PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis included three randomized controlled trials (RCTs, n = 613 patients) comparing RYGB and SG in adults with severe obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²) and T2DM.

PRIMARY OUTCOME: diabetes remission (HbA1c 6.0%). Risk of bias was assessed via Cochrane RoB-2 tool; statistical analysis used fixed-effect models (I²=0%).

RESULTS: RYGB demonstrated superior diabetes remission rates vs. SG (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.83-4.20, p0.001), with no heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses confirmed consistency across studies. Mean follow-up was ≤5 years; baseline demographics were comparable (mean age 46.2 years, 53.4% male).

CONCLUSION: RYGB significantly outperforms SG in achieving T2DM remission, likely due to its combined restrictivemalabsorptive mechanisms and metabolic hormonal effects. These findings support RYGB as the preferred surgical option for obese patients with T2DM, though long-term studies are needed to assess durability.

PMID:40377815 | DOI:10.1007/s11695-025-07858-w

Aging Clin Exp Res. 2025 May 16;37(1):156. doi: 10.1007/s40520-025-03053-0.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Tooth loss is common among the elderly and often correlates with aging. Existing studies on the link between tooth loss and frailty in older adults yield inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to clarify the relationship.

METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library was conducted to find observational studies on tooth count and frailty in older adults. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q and I² statistics, and subgroup analyses identified factors influencing outcomes. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis confirmed result stability.

RESULTS: From 1,903 articles, 22 comprising 25 studies with 36,406 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97 – 0.99) for tooth count and frailty. Individuals with 20 or fewer teeth had a higher risk of frailty (pooled OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.57 – 2.53). The highest frailty risk was observed in Japan (pooled OR = 3.02), followed by China (2.27), the UK and USA (1.90), and other regions (1.25). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences by country, study design, setting, adjustment model, or frailty assessment tool (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between tooth count and frailty, particularly in those with 20 or fewer teeth. Policymakers should prioritize oral health within aging populations by promoting early preventive care and education to mitigate frailty risk. Robust, large-scale studies are needed to guide evidence-based interventions and public health policy.

PMID:40377807 | DOI:10.1007/s40520-025-03053-0

Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2025 May 16. doi: 10.1007/s10384-025-01210-6. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate the usage status and evaluate the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for the acute treatment of optic neuritis (ON) in Japan.

STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective case series.

METHODS: The study subjects were patients with steroid-resistant acute ON in whom IVIG had been initiated between January 2020 and August 2022 at 30 facilities in Japan. The clinical characteristics, visual acuity, and adverse events following IVIG were compared among anti-aquaporin 4 antibody positive ON (AQP4-ON), anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody positive ON (MOG-ON), and idiopathic ON (ION).

RESULTS: The study included sixty-five patients (76 eyes); the main clinical department administering IVIG was ophthalmology (50 cases, 77.0 %). 43 cases had their first ON attack and 22 cases had recurrent ON. Plasmapheresis (PP) was combined in 21 cases. The efficacy endpoint, changes in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) after IVIG compared with preIVIG, showed statistically significant improvement in the AQP4-ON group at one week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after IVIG (p=0.015, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). In the MOG-ON group, excluding cases with combined PP, logMAR post IVIG did not improve significantly compared with preIVIG. Among the ION group, compared with preIVIG, logMAR at 4weeks and 12 weeks post IVIG were statistically significant improved (p=0.019, p=0.023, respectively). Adverse events occurred in 7 patients with IVIG. 4 of the 7 patients continued the IVIG treatment, and 3 patients discontinued it within 5 days.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that IVIG may be an effective new option for acute treatment of steroid-resistant ON as an add-on to conventional therapy.

PMID:40377800 | DOI:10.1007/s10384-025-01210-6

Aging Clin Exp Res. 2025 May 16;37(1):152. doi: 10.1007/s40520-025-03054-z.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Atomic bomb survivors (ABSs) in Hiroshima are facing climate change-related natural disasters and emerging infectious diseases. The cognitive function of aging ABSs is vulnerable to the inevitable environmental changes caused by the 2018 Japan floods and COVID-19 pandemic.

AIMS: This study examined the effects of these two disastrous events on cognitive function.

METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all verified individuals utilizing Long-Term Care Insurance services in Hiroshima Prefecture. The observation period was from January 2018 to December 2022. The participants were divided into three groups: ABSs, welfare recipients (WRs), and others. The objective variable was moderate or severe cognitive deterioration. We performed a difference-in-differences analysis using logistic regression models to investigate the effect of the two disastrous events on cognitive function compared with the effect of the other groups.

RESULTS: There were 184,252 participants, including 16,306 ABSs (8.8%) and 8,509 WRs (4.6%). The difference-in-differences analysis showed no statistically significant effect of the 2018 Japan floods. The analysis also revealed that moderate cognitive decline among ABSs and WRs decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020, 2021, and 2022). Moreover, severe cognitive decline among ABSs decreased after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021).

DISCUSSION: Although many older adults experienced cognitive exacerbations during the COVID-19 pandemic, ABSs had a lower risk of cognitive decline than those of non-WRs. However, no significant changes were observed during the 2018 Japan floods.

CONCLUSIONS: ABSs had a reduced risk of cognitive decline during the pandemic compared with that of the other groups.

PMID:40377779 | DOI:10.1007/s40520-025-03054-z

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 May 16;197(6):657. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14066-7.

ABSTRACT

Remote sensing (RS) data is extensively used in the observation and management of surface water and the detection of water bodies for studying ecological and hydrological processes. Small waterbodies are often neglected because of their tiny presence in the image, but being very large in numbers, they significantly impact the ecosystem. However, the detection of small waterbodies in satellite images is challenging because of their varying sizes and tones. In this work, a geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) approach is proposed to detect small water bodies in RS images and generate a spatial map of it along with area statistics. The proposed approach aims to detect waterbodies of different shapes and sizes including those with vegetation cover. For this purpose, a deep neural network (DNN) is trained using the Indian Space Research Organization’s (ISRO) Cartosat-3 multispectral satellite images, which effectively extracts the boundaries of small water bodies with a mean precision of 0.92 and overall accuracy over 96%. A comparative analysis with other popular existing methods using the same data demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed method. The proposed GeoAI approach efficiently generates a map of small water bodies automatically from the input satellite image which can be utilized for monitoring and management of these micro water resources.

PMID:40377752 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14066-7

Mol Biol Rep. 2025 May 16;52(1):461. doi: 10.1007/s11033-025-10544-w.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is one of the biggest health concerns of our time. T2D prevalence is expected to reach 1.9 million Jordanians by 2050. Owing to this sharp increase, Jordanians should understand genetic risk factors for this disease. One of the strongest reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with T2D is located in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, particularly rs12255372 and rs7903146. Despite this, contradictory results suggesting no association with T2D were found across ethnicities. Therefore, this study investigated the association of rs12255372 and rs7903146 with T2D in Jordanians.

METHODS AND RESULTS: For this case-control study, 301 non-diabetic healthy controls and 301 patients with T2D were genotyped for rs12255372 and rs7903146 using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A significant development in T2D was demonstrated in rs12255372 and rs7903146. The risk allele for both single nucleotide polymorphisms is the T allele. The p-value ≤ 0.001 reflects a significant difference between the control group and the T2D group. Moreover, the combined effect of rs12255372 and rs7903146 showed statistical significance with a p-value ≤ 0.001.

CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms (rs12255372 and rs7903146) are predisposing risk factors for T2D in the Jordanian population.

PMID:40377740 | DOI:10.1007/s11033-025-10544-w

World J Urol. 2025 May 16;43(1):307. doi: 10.1007/s00345-025-05599-0.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Pembrolizumab has shown benefits as adjuvant therapy in the Keynote-564 trial, improving disease-free survival (DFS) across broad patient subgroups. However, it remains unclear if all patients, including those potentially cured by surgery alone, derive real benefits or are unnecessarily exposed to adverse effects and costs. This study aimed to evaluate DFS in Keynote-564-like patients who underwent nephrectomy without adjuvant pembrolizumab.

METHODS: We included nephrectomy patients meeting Keynote-564 criteria. Clinical and pathological features were analyzed, and Cox regression was used to identify predictors. DFS and overall survival (OS) were assessed.

RESULTS: Forty-three patients met Keynote-564 criteria (100% intermediate risk). Among them, 12 patients (28%) experienced recurrence. Significant differences between recurrent (Re+) and non-recurrent (Re-) patients were observed in ECOG ≥ 1 frequency (25% vs. 0%; p < 0.05), tumour size (9.4 vs. 6.9 cm; p = 0.02), and renal pelvis invasion (50% vs. 19%; p = 0.04). Cox regression identified ECOG ≥ 1 as a predictor of recurrence (HR = 17.97, 95% CI 1.76-187.16; p = 0.016). After a median follow-up of 59.5 months, 2-year DFS and OS were 86% and 93%, respectively. Treating only relapsed patients with pembrolizumab would have saved €1,254,167.

CONCLUSION: Our recurrence rate was lower than Keynote-564, whereby no strong predictors of recurrence were identified. Although ECOG ≥ 1 was statistically significant, its clinical utility remains limited. Further research is needed to determine if adjuvant pembrolizumab provides a true benefit in intermediate-risk patients.

PMID:40377723 | DOI:10.1007/s00345-025-05599-0

Arch Dermatol Res. 2025 May 16;317(1):761. doi: 10.1007/s00403-025-04259-y.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Congenital ichthyoses are a heterogeneous group of keratinization disorders. Though there are case reports describing skin cancer development in congenital ichthyosis patients, the risk of skin cancer in congenital ichthyosis patients compared to the general population is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the association of congenital ichthyosis with cutaneous malignancies using a large national database.

METHODS: A nested case-control study using the National Institutes of Health All of Us database was conducted analyzing participants ≥ 18 years with CI and controls matched 1:12 by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Multivariate logistic regression assessed odds ratios for CI and skin cancer associations (P < 0.05).

KEY RESULTS: A total of 198 CI participants and 2,376 controls were included in the final analysis. Mean age of CI participants was 67.2 years, with 56.1% female and 67.7% white, similar to controls (P = 0.97, P = 1, P = 0.99, respectively). After controlling for smoking, alcohol, obesity, and mobility, congenital ichthyosis was associated with actinic keratosis (AK) (OR = 3.65; 95% CI 1.00-5.51; P < 0.001), melanoma (OR = 2.39; 95% CI 1.05-5.45; P = 0.04), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.03-3.39; P = 0.03), but not squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P = 0.50).

CONCLUSION: We found that CI was associated with cutaneous malignancies. Larger scale studies are needed to confirm these findings with narrower confidence intervals. We recommend routine skin cancer surveillance in CI patients pending additional studies clarifying risk of cutaneous malignancy.

PMID:40377722 | DOI:10.1007/s00403-025-04259-y

J Healthc Qual Res. 2025 May 14;40(5):101142. doi: 10.1016/j.jhqr.2025.101142. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: There are numerous studies examining the diagnostic accuracy of various supplementary tests; however, the literature focused on diagnostic accuracy derived from clinical reasoning and data is limited. Consequently, we conducted a study to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the professionals in the Internal Medicine Department at our hospital and to examine whether there are variations in accuracy related to specific pathologies and across different time periods, particularly before and after the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

METHODS: This is a retrospective, longitudinal, and observational study conducted in the Internal Medicine Department of the Regional Hospital of Monforte de Lemos from 2016 to 2022, encompassing both pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic periods. The initial diagnosis made upon patient admission was compared with the final diagnosis at discharge through an independent peer review process.

RESULTS: The diagnostic concordance at admission and discharge was 77.4%, with statistically significant differences observed between age groups (with higher concordance in patients under 55 years of age) and according to sex, with greater concordance in female patients. No differences were found regarding pathology type or temporal cohort.

CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of the healthcare professionals in the Internal Medicine Department at Monforte Public Hospital during the study periods was found to be high. Diagnostic concordance was greater in female patients and those under 55 years of age, with no significant differences observed across the most prevalent pathological conditions. Furthermore, the restrictive measures implemented during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic do not appear to have negative affected diagnostic accuracy when compared to previous periods.

PMID:40373358 | DOI:10.1016/j.jhqr.2025.101142