Nevin Manimala

Patterns (N Y). 2024 Dec 6;5(12):101115. doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2024.101115. eCollection 2024 Dec 13.

ABSTRACT

Guidelines in statistical modeling for genomics hold that simpler models have advantages over more complex ones. Potential advantages include cost, interpretability, and improved generalization across datasets or biological contexts. We directly tested the assumption that small gene signatures generalize better by examining the generalization of mutation status prediction models across datasets (from cell lines to human tumors and vice versa) and biological contexts (holding out entire cancer types from pan-cancer data). We compared model selection between solely cross-validation performance and combining cross-validation performance with regularization strength. We did not observe that more regularized signatures generalized better. This result held across both generalization problems and for both linear models (LASSO logistic regression) and non-linear ones (neural networks). When the goal of an analysis is to produce generalizable predictive models, we recommend choosing the ones that perform best on held-out data or in cross-validation instead of those that are smaller or more regularized.

PMID:39776849 | PMC:PMC11701843 | DOI:10.1016/j.patter.2024.101115

Patterns (N Y). 2024 Nov 19;5(12):101097. doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2024.101097. eCollection 2024 Dec 13.

ABSTRACT

The placenta is vital to maternal and child health but often overlooked in pregnancy studies. Addressing the need for a more accessible and cost-effective method of placental assessment, our study introduces a computational tool designed for the analysis of placental photographs. Leveraging images and pathology reports collected from sites in the United States and Uganda over a 12-year period, we developed a cross-modal contrastive learning algorithm consisting of pre-alignment, distillation, and retrieval modules. Moreover, the proposed robustness evaluation protocol enables statistical assessment of performance improvements, provides deeper insight into the impact of different features on predictions, and offers practical guidance for its application in a variety of settings. Through extensive experimentation, our tool demonstrates an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score of over 82% in both internal and external validations, which underscores the potential of our tool to enhance clinical care across diverse environments.

PMID:39776848 | PMC:PMC11701861 | DOI:10.1016/j.patter.2024.101097

J Avian Med Surg. 2025 Jan;38(4):188-196. doi: 10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00050.

ABSTRACT

Viscoelastic testing evaluates the formation and lysis of a clot over time, allowing more complete assessment of patient hemostasis in real time, whereas traditional tests, such as prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, only measure coagulation factor function. Patient-side viscoelastic coagulation monitors are easy to use, portable, and provide faster turnaround time than commercial laboratories. Viscoelastic testing requires only 0.2 mL of blood and is useful in diagnosing and treating hemostatic disorders. Currently, there is no standardized coagulation testing method across bird species. In this cross-sectional study, a viscoelastic coagulation device, the Entegrion Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor-Vet (VCM-Vet), was evaluated. Blood samples were obtained from 26 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (HAPs) (Amazona ventralis) under manual restraint. Results were recorded on the device as graphical output with quantitative viscoelastic measurements. Results were reported using standard rotational thromboelastometry terminology, including clotting time, clot formation time, alpha angle, maximum clot firmness, clot firmness amplitude at 10 and 20 minutes after clot formation, and clot lysis at 30 and 45 minutes. The median clotting time was 463 seconds (reference interval: 56-1635 seconds), the mean clot formation time was 704.7 seconds (reference interval: 172-1697 seconds), the mean alpha angle was 27.3 (reference interval: 7-60), and the mean maximum clot firmness was 15.4 (reference interval: 7-25). Statistical analysis found that all parameters were normally distributed aside from clotting time in seconds. There was no appreciable breakdown of the clot during the 60-minute device runtime, and there was no significant difference in any parameter based on sex. The VCM-Vet produced clotting times for this population of HAPs and enabled the creation of reference intervals. Based on our findings, the VCM-Vet can be used to assess clot potential in HAPs and possibly other avian species.

PMID:39772379 | DOI:10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00050

J Perianesth Nurs. 2025 Jan 6:S1089-9472(24)00450-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2024.08.022. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The purpose of the project was to reduce the occurrence of nonclinical delays resulting in increased postanesthesia care unit length of stay for carpal tunnel release patients in an ambulatory orthopedic surgery center through the implementation of new workflow processes in both the preoperative and postoperative phases of care.

DESIGN: Pre-post design, with data being analyzed both before and after implementation of evidence-based quality improvement measures to assess for effectiveness of project interventions.

METHODS: At the ambulatory orthopedic surgery center, preintervention data were gathered for 6 months on carpal tunnel release patients (n = 185) to determine the root causes of discharge delays (January to June 2023). Subsequently, the following evidence-based workflow processes were implemented: the provision of preoperative discharge instructions to the patient, clearly delineated expectations for family members during their stay, early presence of family to the bedside during phase 1 of recovery, and extensive staff education. Postintervention data (n = 189) were collected on a biweekly basis throughout the 6 months of project implementation (September 2023 to February 2024) and were analyzed using the paired t test for statistical significance.

FINDINGS: The average length of stay decreased from 44.45 to 37.07 minutes with an increase in the percentage of patients meeting discharge goals from 13.5% to 35.4%. This is a statistically significant improvement in length of stay (P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to maintain efficiency such as preoperative discharge teaching, early family presence at bedside, and clear expectations for family member participation can collectively contribute to a decrease in non-anesthesia-related delays and subsequently reduce postanesthesia care unit length of stay.

PMID:39772372 | DOI:10.1016/j.jopan.2024.08.022

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Nov 28:S0735-1097(24)10316-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.10.104. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The results of ablation of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) are suboptimal. For many patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), ICD electrograms (ICD-EGs) provide the only available information on SMVT. ICD-EGs have the ability to distinguish morphologically distinct SMVT and can be used for pace mapping.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate whether using ICD-EG information during an ablation procedure influences outcomes.

METHODS: Patients with structural heart disease and SMVT documented by an ICD-EG, undergoing ablation, were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either an ablation incorporating ICD-EG data during the procedure (intervention group) or to conventional ablation. The ICD-EG obtained during induced SMVT and pace mapping was compared to ICD-EG from spontaneous SMVT to target the “clinical” SMVT for ablation. Ablation could be performed during SMVT (if tolerated), during sinus rhythm (“substrate ablation”), or both.

RESULTS: A total of 15 centers randomized 260 patients. Characterization of induced SMVT as clinical/nonclinical and pace mapping were more frequent in the intervention group. Most patients underwent pure substrate ablation (65%), with complementary ablation during SMVT in 26%, showing no significant difference between groups. No differences were found in acute efficacy. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the primary endpoint of SMVT recurrence within 6 months postablation occurred in 46 (36%) patients in the intervention group and 59 (46%) in the conventional group (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.49-1.07; P = 0.11). In the per-protocol analysis, SMVT recurrence at 6 months postablation reached statistical significance (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.44-0.99; P = 0.045). During the entire follow-up period (44 ± 29 months), SMVT recurrence occurred in 67% and 76% (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.60-1.08; P = 0.14). The number of SMVT episodes was significantly lower in the intervention group (HR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.24-0.84; P = 0.013), as was the rate of electrical storm (23% vs 41%; HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.34-0.85; P = 0.007). There were no differences in ICD shocks.

CONCLUSIONS: In patients with structural heart disease and ICD-documented SMVT, using ICD-EG information during the ablation procedure to focalize ablation toward the clinical ventricular tachycardia is associated with a nonsignificant decrease in SMVT recurrence rate, a significant reduction in the number of ventricular tachycardia episodes, and a lower rate of arrhythmic storm.

PMID:39772368 | DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.10.104

J Thorac Oncol. 2025 Jan 8:S1556-0864(24)02533-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2024.12.014. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The phase 3 randomized controlled trial of extended pleurectomy decortication and chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for pleural mesothelioma (PM) (MARS2) reported “extended pleurectomy decortication was associated with worse survival to 2 years, and more serious adverse events for individuals with resectable PM, compared with chemotherapy alone.” These results have led to considerable discourse regarding the future role of surgery for PM, and there has not been unanimity in the mesothelioma surgical community regarding the trial interpretation. This “perspective” evaluates MARS2 using internationally renowned PM experts who either agreed with the trial interpretation or who found issues with its conduct which may have influenced the results.

METHODS: A facilitator (HP) worked with team leaders (GW, IO) to assemble individuals offering opinions regarding the trial and its conclusions. Arguments agreeing or not agreeing with the trial interpretation were written only after publication of the full trial. Once both arguments were received by the facilitator, the individual team manuscripts were combined and sent to each team allowing editing for changes in perceived factual errors.

FINDINGS: Insightful arguments include (but were not limited to) the difficulties yet advantages of randomization, quality assurance, selection of histologic subtypes, the timing of randomization, use of preoperative staging, statistical methods, and reasons for surgical mortality.

CONCLUSIONS: The decision to operate for PM in the future will continue to be defined by consensus guidelines and health payer willingness, and the interpretation of MARS2 may play an important role in modulating the role of surgery in the future.

PMID:39772349 | DOI:10.1016/j.jtho.2024.12.014

Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2025 Jan 8:S0889-5406(24)00510-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.11.006. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the stability of palatal rugae patterns after slow maxillary expansion (SME) treatment and the reliability of the rugae region as a reference region in digital superimposition.

METHODS: The SME group comprised 21 subjects with Angle Class I or Class II dental malocclusion with unilateral or bilateral crossbite and constricted maxilla and were selected before the pubertal peak. Intraoral scans were captured via the intraoral scanner iTero Element software (version 1.13; Align Technology, San Jose, Calif) before treatment and after completion of 12 rotations of the screw in the expansion appliance. Patients rotated the screw once a week by the established protocol. The digital data of the impressions were analyzed using GOM Inspect 3D analysis software (version 2018; GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). Dimensional changes in rugae after SME were measured with MeshLab software (version 2022.02, the Visual Computing Lab of CNR-ISTI, Italy). For the statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normality, whereas the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied for group comparisons.

RESULTS: According to digital superimposition data, the root mean square value of the rugae region in the SME group was found to be 0.195 ± 0.086 mm. The greatest dimensional change was found in the third rugae (1.70 ± 0.42 mm, P <0.001). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference between the dimensional changes of the first and third rugae (P <0.05). No statistically significant difference was found as a result of pairwise comparisons of the right and left rugae points (P = 0.083 and P = 0.200, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS: The observed transverse dimensional changes in the rugae, particularly in the third rugae, indicate that caution should be exercised in using the rugae region as a reference in superpositions after SME treatment.

PMID:39772337 | DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.11.006

Afr J Reprod Health. 2024 Dec 31;28(12):175-185. doi: 10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i12.18.

ABSTRACT

Folic acid (FA) plays a crucial role in various biological processes. Insufficient intake of FA during pregnancy can lead to serious clinical complications, including neural tube defect. The current study sought to assess the awareness, knowledge, and usage of FA among young females in Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 472 adult females from October 1 to 9, 2023, in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire of the study was randomly distributed among females. The data showed that awareness and usage of FA supplementation were poor to fair among females. Furthermore, socio-demographic variables, including age, marital status, monthly income, education levels, number of pregnancies, and current pregnancy status, were found to be associated with awareness and utilization of FA supplementation. The study highlights the need to enhance awareness and knowledge of FA supplementation among females in the Jazan region. Introducing educational programs is essential in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the Jazan region, to enhance the knowledge and awareness of FA within the community.

PMID:39772308 | DOI:10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i12.18

Afr J Reprod Health. 2024 Dec 31;28(12):148-164. doi: 10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i12.16.

ABSTRACT

With 25% of teenagers pregnant by age of 19 and about half of these married before their 18th birth day, Uganda exhibits one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and child marriage globally. Comprehensive data on the drivers and barriers to addressing repeat teenage pregnancies and early child marriages remains limited. Using the narrative inquiry approach, the paper explores the key socio-cultural drivers and barriers to addressing repeat teenage pregnancies and early/forced marriages among stakeholders in the districts of Mbale, Kween, Namayingo and Kalangala. Guided by purposive sampling, a total of 125 qualitative interviews (80 key informant interviews (KIIs) and 45 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. Data analysis was done using deductive thematic analysis in Atlas ti software. The drives of repeat teenage pregnancy (RPT) include the distorted community understanding of repeat teenage pregnancy; poverty at the household; norms, traditions and beliefs; cultural and traditional practices; lack of comprehensive sex education, school dropout, Peer pressure and influence, and vulnerable populations. The results point to a strong relationship between teenage pregnancy, early child/forced marriage and repeat teenage pregnancy across all the four districts and to poverty as the driving force.

PMID:39772306 | DOI:10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i12.16

Afr J Reprod Health. 2024 Dec 31;28(12):127-138. doi: 10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i12.14.

ABSTRACT

Through implementing a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study, the causal effects between gut microbiome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were analyzed. Summary statistics for PCOS were acquired from the FinnGen consortium R8 release data, which included 27,943 cases and 162,936 controls. The inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method was adopted for analysis. Additionally, the causality involving exposure plus the outcome was evaluated by means of MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode methods, as well as weighted mode. The IVW estimate showed that the genera Streptococcus plus Enterorhabdus served as protectors of PCOS. By contrast, the phylum Tenericutes, genera Anaerofilum, Coprococcus 2, Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group and Ruminiclostridium 5 were identified as risk elements of PCOS. Based on reverse MR analyses from PCOS on the intestinal microbiome based on the IVW method, the phyla Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, class Actinobacteria, genera Ruminococcaceae UCG004 and Christensenellaceae R 7group exhibited a down-regulation effect after PCOS onset. The genera Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG003, Ruminococcus gnavus group, and Veillonella were up-regulated. No horizontal pleiotropy or significant IV heterogeneity was observed. We conclude that there is a causality relationship between gut microbiome and PCOS, where some bacterial taxa can be used as biomarkers to promote targeted diagnosis and therapy for PCOS.

PMID:39772304 | DOI:10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i12.14