Nevin Manimala

Optom Vis Sci. 2023 Jan 1;100(1):43-51. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001970. Epub 2022 Dec 6.

ABSTRACT

SIGNIFICANCE: The ratios of diopters of change in refractive error produced per millimeter of eye elongation (D/mm) are rarely those predicted from geometric optics because of changes in other ocular components. Quantifying this optical compensation in millimeters instead of ratios reveals some important principles about eye growth and refractive error.

PURPOSE: The study purpose was to sort total vitreous chamber elongation into millimeters that either contributed (uncompensated) or did not contribute to change in refractive error (compensated).

METHODS: Participants were infants in the Berkeley Infant Biometry Study (n = 271, ages 3 months to 6 years) or schoolchildren in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (n = 456 emmetropes and 522 myopes, ages 6 to 14 years). Refractive error was measured using cycloplegic retinoscopy in infants (cyclopentolate 1%) and cycloplegic autorefraction in schoolchildren (tropicamide 1% or combined with cyclopentolate 1%). Axial dimensions were assessed using A-scan ultrasonography. Uncompensated millimeters were estimated from ratios of change in refractive error per millimeter of elongation using Gullstrand eye models. Compensated millimeters were the difference between measured elongation and uncompensated millimeters.

RESULTS: Compensated millimeters exceeded uncompensated millimeters in emmetropic children across ages, but uncompensated millimeters exceeded compensated millimeters in myopic children. Compensated millimeters were highest in infancy and decreased with age, reaching less than 0.10 mm per year by age 10 years in both myopic and emmetropic children. There were no statistically significant differences in compensated millimeters between myopic and emmetropic children between ages 8 and 14 years (P values from .17 to .73).

CONCLUSIONS: The ability of the ocular components, primarily crystalline lens, to compensate for vitreous elongation is independent of the higher demands of myopic eye growth. The limited compensation after age 10 years suggests the target for elongation in myopia control needed to arrest myopia progression may be that seen in emmetropes or less.

PMID:36705714 | DOI:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001970

Neurourol Urodyn. 2023 Jan 27. doi: 10.1002/nau.25131. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: To propose a novel S.I.S technique during the robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), encompassing pubourethral suspension, posterior wall intensification, and bladder neck stripping, and to present functional and oncological outcomes with a special focus on long-term continence.

METHODS: From January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019, consecutive patients who underwent RARP were retrospectively investigated and separated into the S.I.S group and the conventional group. Preoperative patient characteristics, tumor status, and perioperative parameters were collected, followed by the assessment of self-reported status on continence, using an International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire-urinary incontinence short form (ICIQ-UI-SF). Statistical comparisons were performed on variables between the two surgery groups, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictive factors for postoperative incontinence severity.

RESULTS: A total of 602 subjects were analyzed with a median follow-up of 24 months. There was no significant difference regarding baseline characteristics and perioperative parameters, except for a more advanced tumor stage in the S.I.S group. The application of the S.I.S technique did not jeopardize the positive surgical margin rate at the bladder neck or long-term tumor control. Notably, the patient-reported degree of incontinence was significantly reduced with the assistance of S.I.S technique, as evidenced by the diminished severe-to-very severe cases. On multivariate analysis, both preoperative body mass index and use of S.I.S modification were independent predictive factors for the long-term incontinence severity.

CONCLUSIONS: The application of S.I.S technique during RARP is feasible and superior compare with the conventional approach, with a significantly alleviated long-term incontinence severity, without compromising cancer control.

PMID:36705067 | DOI:10.1002/nau.25131

JBI Evid Synth. 2023 Jan 30. doi: 10.11124/JBIES-22-00175. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this scoping review was to identify all examples of the application of statistical shape models to the human hip joint, with a focus on applications, population, methodology, and validation.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical radiographs are the most common imaging tool for management of hip conditions, but it is unclear whether radiographs can adequately diagnose or predict outcomes of 3D deformity. Statistical shape modeling, a method of describing the variation of a population of shapes using a small number of variables, has been identified as a useful tool to associate 2D images with 3D anatomy. This could allow clinicians and researchers to validate clinical radiographic measures of hip deformity, develop new ones, or predict 3D morphology directly from radiographs. In identifying all previous examples of statistical shape modeling applied to the human hip joint, this review determined the prevalence, strengths, and weaknesses, and identified gaps in the literature.

INCLUSION CRITERIA: Participants included any human population. The concept included development or application of statistical shape models based on discrete landmarks and principal component analysis. The context included sources that exclusively modeled the hip joint. Only peer-reviewed original research journal articles were eligible for inclusion.

METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science Core Collection, OCLC PapersFirst, OCLC Proceedings, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and Google Scholar for sources published in English between 1992 and 2021. Two reviewers screened sources against the inclusion criteria independently and in duplicate. Data were extracted by two reviewers using a REDCap form designed to answer the review study questions, and are presented in narrative, tabular and graphical form.

RESULTS: A total of 104 sources were considered eligible based on the inclusion criteria. From these, 122 unique statistical shape models of the human hip were identified based on 86 unique training populations. Models were most often applied as one-off research tools to describe shape in certain populations or to predict outcomes. The demographics of training populations were skewed toward older patients in high-income countries. A mean age between 60 and 79 years was reported in 29 training populations (34%), more than reported in all other age groups combined, and 73 training populations (85%) were reported or inferred to be from Europe and the Americas. Only 4 studies created models in a pediatric population, although 15 articles considered shape variation over time in some way. There were approximately equal numbers of 2D and 3D models. A variety of methods for labeling the training set was observed. Most articles presented some form of validation such as reporting a model’s compactness (n = 71), but in-depth validation was rare.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high volume of literature concerning statistical shape models of the human hip, there remains a need for further research in key areas. We identified the lack of models in pediatric populations and low- and middle-income countries as a notable limitation to be addressed in future research.

PMID:36705052 | DOI:10.11124/JBIES-22-00175

Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2023 Jan;34(1):e13913. doi: 10.1111/pai.13913.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The impact of children on the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains uncertain. This study provides an insight into distinct patterns of SARS-CoV-2 household transmission in case of pediatric and adult index cases as well as age-dependent susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS: Immune analysis, medical interviewing, and contact tracing of 26 families with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection cases have been conducted. Blood samples were analyzed serologically with the use of a SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG assay and virus neutralization test (VNT). Uni- and multivariable linear regression and mixed effect logistic regression models were used to describe potential risk factors for higher contagiousness and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 infection could be confirmed in 67 of 124 family members. Fourteen children and 11 adults could be defined as index cases in their households. Forty of 82 exposed family members were defined as secondarily infected. The mean secondary attack rate in households was 0.48 and was significantly higher in households with adult than with pediatric index cases (0.85 vs 0.19; p < 0.0001). The age (grouped into child and adult) of index case, severity of disease, and occurrence of lower respiratory symptoms in index cases were significantly associated with secondary transmission rates in households. Children seem to be equally susceptible to acquire a SARS-CoV-2 infection as adults, but they suffer milder courses of the disease or remain asymptomatic.

CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 transmission from infected children to other household members occurred rarely in the first wave of the pandemic, despite close physical contact and the lack of hygienic measures.

PMID:36705043 | DOI:10.1111/pai.13913

Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2023 Jan;34(1):e13904. doi: 10.1111/pai.13904.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic childhood disease associated with significant morbidity and healthcare costs. There is a known association between caesarean section and asthma, but the relationship between caesarean section and offspring atopic dermatitis remains uncertain.

METHODS: We conducted a register-based nationwide cohort study including children born in Sweden between January 2006 and December 2018. Data on health and socioeconomic variables were extracted from the national registers for children aged ≤5 years. Time-to-event analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for confounders and familial factors.

RESULTS: 1,399,406 children were included (6,029,542 person-years at risk). Atopic dermatitis was observed in 17.2% of the 1,150,896 children born by vaginal delivery and 18.3% of the 248,510 born by caesarean section. The mean age of onset of atopic dermatitis was 2.72 years (SD 1.8). Birth by caesarean section was associated with a higher risk of atopic dermatitis (adj-HR 1.12, 95% CI: 1.10-1.14). A higher risk of atopic dermatitis was found in children born by instrumental vaginal delivery (adj-HR 1.10, 1.07-1.13); emergency caesarean section (adj-HR 1.12, 1.10-1.15), and elective caesarean section (adj-HR 1.13, 1.10-1.16) than uncomplicated vaginal delivery in children <1 year of age. Similar hazards were observed in those ≥1 year of age. In sibling control analysis, greater risks remained in children aged <1 year but not in age ≥1 year.

CONCLUSIONS: In our study population, it was observed that children born by caesarean section or instrumental vaginal delivery were at higher risk of early childhood atopic dermatitis. Although familial confounding attenuates the risk in children aged ≥1 year, this was not observed in the first year of life.

PMID:36705040 | DOI:10.1111/pai.13904

Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2023 Jan;34(1):e13905. doi: 10.1111/pai.13905.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Perturbation of gut symbiosis has been linked to childhood allergic diseases. However, the underlying host-microbe interaction connected with specific phenotypes is poorly understood.

METHODS: To address this, integrative analyses of stool metagenomic and metabolomic profiles associated with IgE reactions in 56 children with mite-sensitized airway allergies (25 with rhinitis and 31 with asthma) and 28 nonallergic healthy controls were conducted.

RESULTS: We noted a decrease in the number and abundance of gut microbiome-encoded carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes, accompanied with a reduction in species richness, in the asthmatic gut microflora but not in that from allergic rhinitis. Such loss of CAZymes was consistent with the observation that a CAZyme-linked decrease in fecal butyrate was found in asthmatics and negatively correlated with mite-specific IgE responses. Different from the CAZymes, we demonstrated an increase in α diversity at the virulome levels in asthmatic gut microbiota and identified phenotype-specific variations of gut virulome. Moreover, use of fecal metagenomic and metabolomic signatures resulted in distinct effects on differentiating rhinitis and asthma from nonallergic healthy controls.

CONCLUSION: Overall, our integrative analyses reveal several signatures of systems-level gut microbiome in robust associations with fecal metabolites and disease phenotypes, which may be of etiological and diagnostic implications in childhood airway allergies.

PMID:36705037 | DOI:10.1111/pai.13905

Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2023 Jan;34(1):e13907. doi: 10.1111/pai.13907.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:36705035 | DOI:10.1111/pai.13907

J Health Soc Behav. 2023 Jan 27:221465221143089. doi: 10.1177/00221465221143089. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Parents with better-educated children are healthier and live longer, but whether there is a causal effect of children’s education on their parents’ health and longevity is unclear. First, we demonstrate an association between adults’ offspring education and parental mortality in the 1958 British birth cohort study, which remains substantial-about two additional years of life-even when comparing parents with similar socioeconomic status. Second, we use the 1972 educational reform in England and Wales, which increased the minimum school leaving age from 15 to 16 years, to identify the presence of a causal effect of children’s education on parental health and longevity using census-linked data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study. Results reveal that children’s education has no causal effects on a wide range of parental mortality and health outcomes. We interpret these findings discussing the role of universal health care and education for socioeconomic inequality in Great Britain.

PMID:36705015 | DOI:10.1177/00221465221143089

J Perioper Pract. 2023 Jan 27:17504589221141799. doi: 10.1177/17504589221141799. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Gabapentinoids are often administered preoperatively, as they have been shown to reduce postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores however sedation has always been a concern because of sedative side effect.

OBJECTIVE: This study was intended to compare oral gabapentin versus oral pregabalin sedative effects and complications in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery under general anaesthesia.

METHODS: This study was a true experimental randomised, placebo-controlled, prospective study, conducted at Rafedia Government Surgical Hospital in Nablus, Palestine. The sample consisted of 60 male and female patients undergoing elective lumbar spine surgeries in the department of neurology and aged from 18 to 70 years. The patients were divided into three groups (20 patients each): The pregabalin 150mg group, the gabapentin group and the placebo group.

FINDINGS: Nearly 51.7% of the participants reported that they experienced a feeling of nausea or vomiting after the operation. There were statistically significant differences (p-value = 0.008) between the groups in how often complications happen after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS: Preemptive pregabalin (150mg) was established to have a more sedative effect and lowered complications than gabapentin (300mg).

PMID:36705003 | DOI:10.1177/17504589221141799

Aust Occup Ther J. 2023 Jan 27. doi: 10.1111/1440-1630.12859. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Students from a range of health disciplines need to learn from people with lived experience of mental distress and recovery to develop recovery capabilities for mental health practice.

AIMS: The aims of this study are to describe the co-design of a teaching resource, to explore the experience of people with lived experience during the resource development, and to evaluate the outcome of the resource on student recovery capabilities.

METHOD: Using a sequential mixed method, a project group consisting of six people with lived experience and 10 academics from five health disciplines was convened to co-develop teaching resources. People with lived experience met independently without researchers on several occasions to decide on the key topics and met with the research team monthly. The teaching resource was used in mental health subjects for two health professional programmes, and the Capabilities for Recovery-Oriented Practice Questionnaire (CROP-Q) was used before and after to measure any change in student recovery capabilities. Scores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The people with lived experience were also interviewed about their experience of being involved in constructing the teaching resources. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analysed thematically.

RESULTS: The finished resource consisted of 28 short videos and suggested teaching plans. Occupational therapy and nursing student scores on the CROP-Q prior to using the educational resource (n = 33) were 68 (median) and post scores (n = 28) were 74 (median), indicating a statistically significant improvement in recovery capability (P = 0.04). Lived experience interview themes were (i) the importance of lived experience in education; (ii) personal benefits of participating; (iii) co-design experience; and (iv) creating the resource.

CONCLUSION: Co-design of teaching resources with people with lived experience was pivotal to the success and quality of the final product, and people with lived experience described personal benefits of participating in resource development. More evidence to demonstrate the use of the CROP-Q in teaching and practice is needed.

PMID:36704991 | DOI:10.1111/1440-1630.12859