Int J Epidemiol. 2022 Jan 3:dyab243. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab243. Online ahead of print.
NO ABSTRACT
PMID:34977922 | DOI:10.1093/ije/dyab243
JACS Au. 2021 Oct 13;1(12):2188-2201. doi: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00322. eCollection 2021 Dec 27.
ABSTRACT
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has great potential to significantly improve the light harvesting capabilities of photovoltaic cells and is also sought after for biomedical applications. Many factors combine to influence the overall efficiency of TTA-UC, the most fundamental of which is the spin statistical factor, η, that gives the probability that a bright singlet state is formed from a pair of annihilating triplet states. The value of η is also critical in determining the contribution of TTA to the overall efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes. Using solid rubrene as a model system, we reiterate why experimentally measured magnetic field effects prove that annihilating triplets first form weakly exchange-coupled triplet-pair states. This is contrary to conventional discussions of TTA-UC that implicitly assume strong exchange coupling, and we show that it has profound implications for the spin statistical factor η. For example, variations in intermolecular orientation tune η from to through spin mixing of the triplet-pair wave functions. Because the fate of spin-1 triplet-pair states is particularly crucial in determining η, we investigate it in rubrene using pump-push-probe spectroscopy and find additional evidence for the recently reported high-level reverse intersystem crossing channel. We incorporate all of these factors into an updated model framework with which to understand the spin statistics of TTA-UC and use it to rationalize the differences in reported values of η among different common annihilator systems. We suggest that harnessing high-level reverse intersystem crossing channels in new annihilator molecules may be a highly promising strategy to exceed any spin statistical limit.
PMID:34977890 | PMC:PMC8715495 | DOI:10.1021/jacsau.1c00322
Curr Res Insect Sci. 2021;1:None. doi: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100018.
ABSTRACT
The increasing levels of pesticide resistance in agricultural pests and disease vectors represents a threat to both food security and global health. As insecticide resistance intensity strengthens and spreads, the likelihood of a pest encountering a sub-lethal dose of pesticide dramatically increases. Here, we apply dynamic Bayesian networks to a transcriptome time-course generated using sub-lethal pyrethroid exposure on a highly resistant Anopheles coluzzii population. The model accounts for circadian rhythm and ageing effects allowing high confidence identification of transcription factors with key roles in pesticide response. The associations generated by this model show high concordance with lab-based validation and identifies 44 transcription factors putatively regulating insecticide-responsive transcripts. We identify six key regulators, with each displaying differing enrichment terms, demonstrating the complexity of pesticide response. The considerable overlap of resistance mechanisms in agricultural pests and disease vectors strongly suggests that these findings are relevant in a wide variety of pest species.
PMID:34977825 | PMC:PMC8702396 | DOI:10.1016/j.cris.2021.100018
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021 Sep 30;3(6):e2059-e2066. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.08.013. eCollection 2021 Dec.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the suture anchor (SA) versus transosseous tunnel (TO) techniques for quadriceps tendon (QT) repair.
METHODS: A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase using PRISMA guidelines to identify studies that evaluated the biomechanical properties of SA and TO techniques for repair of a ruptured QT. The search phrase used was “quadriceps tendon repair biomechanics”. Evaluated properties included ultimate load to failure (N), displacement (mm), stiffness (N/mm), and mode of failure.
RESULTS: Five studies met inclusion criteria, including a total of 72 specimens undergoing QT repair via the SA technique and 42 via the TO technique. Three of 4 studies found QTs repaired with SA to have significantly less elongation upon initial cyclic loading when compared to QTs repaired with the TO technique (P < .05). Three of 5 studies found QTs repaired with SA to have significantly less elongation upon final cyclic loading when compared to QTs repaired with the TO technique (P < .05). The pooled analysis from 4 studies reporting on initial displacement showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the SA group compared to the TO group (P = .03). The pooled analysis from studies reporting on secondary displacement and ultimate load to failure showed no significant difference between the SA and TO groups (P > .05). The most common mode of failure in both groups was suture slippage.
CONCLUSION: On the basis of the included cadaveric studies, QTs repaired via the SA technique have less initial displacement upon cyclic testing when compared to QTs repaired via the TO technique. However, final displacement and ultimate load to failure outcomes did not reveal differences between the two fixation strategies. Knot slippage remains a common failure method for both strategies.
PMID:34977665 | PMC:PMC8689238 | DOI:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.08.013
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021 Sep 2;3(6):e2047-e2058. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.07.029. eCollection 2021 Dec.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature and to evaluate the relationship between abnormal femoral version and the development of hip osteoarthritis (OA).
METHODS: A systematic review was performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, evaluating Level I and II studies. Included studies had to provide granular femoral version (FV) information. The severity of OA was ranked on the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) scale. Excel version 1808 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) was used to perform a student t test statistical analyses.
RESULTS: Our review identified 19 qualifying studies-5 Level I and 14 Level II with 1,756 patients. Patients with FV above normal range (>14°) had greater KL scores than patients with normal range FV (mean ± standard deviation; 3.37 ± 1.44 vs 2.05 ± 1.72, P < .05). Analysis of KL scores in patients with FV >24° (>1 standard deviation) versus patients with FV >14° but <24° also demonstrated a positive correlation between increasing FV and KL (4.00 ± 1.96 vs 2.34 ± 0). This was significant independent of the presence or absence of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Retroverted hips (FV<10°) in the present study showed variable OA results upon analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: The present review suggests that elevated FV may be a risk factor for more severe hip OA with or without the presence of concurrent dysplasia of the hip. The relative amount of increased anteversion appears positively correlated with severity of OA. Although femoral retroversion may impact hip mechanics, in this review it does not appear to strongly correlate with the development of OA.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II: systematic review of Level I and II studies.
PMID:34977664 | PMC:PMC8689222 | DOI:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.07.029
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021 Nov 23;3(6):e2007-e2014. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.007. eCollection 2021 Dec.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate clinical outcomes, return to sport, and complication rate in patients with an isolated SLAP II-IV tear treated with biceps tenodesis (BT), SLAP-repair (SLAP-R), or both (SLAP-R+BT).
METHODS: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed in patients who underwent surgery between February 2006 and February 2018 for isolated SLAP II-IV lesions with either BT, SLAP-R, or SLAP-R+BT and had minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were excluded if they were older than 45 years of age, had anterior shoulder instability, rotator cuff tears, glenohumeral osteoarthritis, or concomitant fractures about the shoulder. Clinical outcomes were assessed by the use of the American Shoulder and Elbow Society Score, Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation Score, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, and Shoulder and Hand Score, the General Health Short Form-12 Physical Component, and patient satisfaction.
RESULTS: There were 38 shoulders in the isolated BT group with 1 (2.6%) shoulder requiring revision, 13 in the SLAP-R group with no patient requiring revision, and 21 in the SLAP-R+BT group with 2 (9.5%) shoulders requiring revision. Minimum 2-year follow-up was obtained in >85% of each group. Mean age at time of surgery was significantly different between the groups (36.5 years BT vs 27.7 years SLAP-R vs 36.5 years SLAP-R+BT; P = .003). While patient-reported outcomes improved significantly from pre- to postoperatively for the BT (P < .001) and SLAP-R+BT groups (P < .001), they did not significantly improve for the isolated SLAP-R group (P values ranging .635 to .123). The BT and SLAP-R+BT groups showed significant improvement in return to sport pre- to postoperatively whereas the SLAP-R group did not. The SLAP-R+BT group had the most patients reaching minimal clinical important difference, substantial clinical benefit, and patient acceptable symptom state American Shoulder and Elbow Society Score scores; however, this was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: SLAP II-IV lesions treated with BT or both SLAP-R+BT demonstrated improved outcomes compared with isolated SLAP-R at minimum 2-year follow-up. Concomitant biceps tenodesis should be considered when performing repair of SLAP II-IV tears.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III; Retrospective comparative study.
PMID:34977660 | PMC:PMC8689264 | DOI:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.007
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021 Nov 28;3(6):e1999-e2006. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.022. eCollection 2021 Dec.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To quantify the magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) capsular morphologic findings associated with postarthroscopy hip instability.
METHODS: Among patients with clinically significant iatrogenic hip instability at a single center, patients with preindex and postindex surgery MRAs were identified. These MRAs were compared regarding effective intracapsular volume calculated by semi-automated 3-dimensional pixel intensity region segmentation, 2-dimensional anterior proximal intracapsular area in the femoral neck axial plane reconstruction, maximal anterior fluid pocket depth, capsule retraction distance, and capsular instability grade. Morphological measurements were conducted using Horos image processing software. Paired t-test, paired Wilcoxon signed rank test, and the McNemar test were used for identifying statistical significance.
RESULTS: In 42 patients, mean effective intracapsular volume was significantly greater in the postindex surgery MRAs (19.44 cm3 vs 17.26 cm3; P = .006). Proximal anterosuperior (12-3 o’clock) intracapsular area was also significantly greater after index surgery (2.84 cm2 vs 1.43 cm2; P < .001. Proximal anteroinferior (3-6 o’clock) intracapsular area (1.34 cm2 vs 0.97 cm2; P = .002), capsule deficiency grade (P < .001), anterior capsule retraction distance (4.83 mm vs 0.34 mm; P < .001), and maximum anterior fluid depth (8.33 mm vs 4.90 mm; P <.001) were also significantly increased after index surgery.
CONCLUSION: In comparison to the preoperative state, iatrogenic hip instability is associated with MRA findings that include increases in total effective intracapsular volume, proximal anterosuperior and anteroinferior intracapsular cross-sectional area, maximum proximal anterosuperior fluid depth, and capsule retraction distance.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, diagnostic case series.
PMID:34977659 | PMC:PMC8689270 | DOI:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.022
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021 Nov 12;3(6):e1967-e1973. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.019. eCollection 2021 Dec.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the biomechanical efficacy of medial meniscal ramp lesion (MMRL) repair in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction regarding the graft protection effect after cyclic loading.
METHODS: Specimens were randomized into 2 groups: (1) ACL reconstruction with unaddressed MMRL (Group U; n = 10), and (2) ACL reconstruction with repaired MMRL (Group R; n = 12). The specimens were tested cyclically (2,000 cycles, 0-40 N, 100 mm/min) in the direction of the native ACL and loaded to failure (100 mm/min) on a tensile tester. Statistically significant differences between the structural properties (length changes and anterior translations at the 100th, 500th, 1,000th, 1,500th, and 2,000th cycles, upper yield load, maximum load, linear stiffness, and elongation at failure) under cyclic loading and single-cycle loading were analyzed.
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in length changes and anterior translations at the 100th, 500th, 1,000th, 1,500th, and 2,000th cycles. There were no significant differences in upper yield load (82.4 ± 31.2 N in Group U, 90.0 ± 38.5 N in Group R, P = .62), maximum load (109.9 ± 28.6 N in Group U, 124.0 ± 56.4 N in Group R, P = .48), linear stiffness (12.1 ± 4.7N/mm in Group U, 12.5 ± 4.3 N/mm in Group R, P = .84), or elongation at failure (13.5 ± 7.3 mm in Group U, 16.6 ± 7.5 mm in Group R, P = .30).
CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous MMRL repair at the time of ACL reconstruction did not decrease length changes and anterior translations during cyclic loading. In addition, simultaneous MMRL repair at the time of ACL reconstruction did not contribute to better postoperative structural properties.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Simultaneous MMRL repair at the time of ACL reconstruction does not show a graft protective effect after cyclic loading. Graft elongation may occur during early rehabilitation.
PMID:34977655 | PMC:PMC8689255 | DOI:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.019
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021 Nov 4;3(6):e1955-e1960. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.017. eCollection 2021 Dec.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patient-reported outcomes of open Latarjet (OL) compared to arthroscopic Latarjet (AL) for anterior shoulder instability.
METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent either OL or AL for anterior shoulder instability between 2011 and 2019 was performed. Recurrent instability, visual analog scale (VAS) score, Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport after Injury (SIRSI), Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), Western Ontario Shoulder Instability (WOSI) score, patient satisfaction, willingness to undergo surgery again, and return to work/sport (RTW/RTS) were evaluated. A P value of < .05 was considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS: Our study included 102 patients in total; 72 patients treated with OL, and 30 treated with AL. There were no demographic differences between the two groups (P > .05 for all). At final follow up (mean of 51.3 months), there was no difference between those that underwent OL or AL in the reported WOSI, VAS, VAS during sports, SSV, and SIRSI scores, nor in patient satisfaction, or whether they would undergo surgery again (P > .05). Overall, there was no significant difference in the total rate of RTP (65% vs 60.9%; P = .74), or timing of RTP (8.1 months vs 7 months; P = .35). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the total rate of RTW (93.5% vs 95.5%; P = .75). Overall, 3 patients in the OL group and 2 patients in the AL group had recurrent instability events (6.9% vs 6.7%; P = .96), with no significant difference in the rate of recurrent dislocation (4.2% vs 3.3%; P = .84).
CONCLUSION: In patients with anterior shoulder instability, both the OL and AL are reliable treatment options, with a low rate of recurrent instability, and similar patient-reported outcomes.
PMID:34977653 | PMC:PMC8689257 | DOI:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.017
Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021 Oct 12;3(6):e1899-e1904. doi: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.08.017. eCollection 2021 Dec.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Evidenced-based decision-making is rooted in comparative clinical studies; however, a small number of outcome event reversals have the potential to change study significance. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of applying fragility analysis to comparative studies in the published orthopaedic shoulder literature.
METHODS: Comparative clinical shoulder research studies reporting 1:1 dichotomous categorical data were analyzed in 6 leading orthopaedic journals between 2006 and 2016. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than .05. The fragility index (FI) for each study outcome was determined by the number of event reversals required to change the P value to either greater or less than 0.05, thus changing the study conclusions. The associated fragility quotient (FQ) was determined by dividing the FI by the total population comprising a particular outcome.
RESULTS: Of the 23,897 studies screened, 3,591 met search criteria, with 198 comparative studies ultimately included for analysis, 67 of which were randomized controlled trials. There were 357 total outcome events with 74 reported as significant and 283 as not significant. The FI was 4 (IQR 2-6) with an associated FQ of 0.066 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.038-0.102). There was no difference in statistical fragility between randomized and nonrandomized trials with both revealing a FI of 4 and FQ of 0.068 (IQR 0.044-0.107) and 0.065 (IQR 0.031-0.101), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: This current analysis reveals that comparative shoulder studies published in six leading orthopaedic journals are at risk of statistical fragility. As such, contemporary clinical shoulder literature may not be as robust as traditionally perceived with the reversal of only a few outcome events required to change study significance. Therefore, we advocate the reporting of both FI and FQ in addition to the P value as statistical complements to all comparative investigations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of trial stability and significance in the published shoulder literature.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Comparative study designs are commonly employed in shoulder research. Several studies in both the general medical and orthopaedic literature have identified a lack of statistical robustness through comprehensive fragility analysis. Our findings demonstrate the P value may be an inadequate independent statistical metric requiring the complement of a FI and FQ to aid in the interpretation and understanding of study significance for clinical decision-making.
PMID:34977646 | PMC:PMC8689245 | DOI:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.08.017