Nevin Manimala

Pathog Glob Health. 2022 May 4:1-10. doi: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2057722. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this study were to explore global epidemiological characteristics of leprosy, and to provide reference for the construction of prevention strategies for leprosy. Computer retrieval of the study on the epidemiology of leprosy from 2010 to 2020 in Web of Science, PubMed, and SCOPUS databases were summarized. The included studies were assessed for the quality of the AHRQ; the proportions of the study indices were meta-analyzed with Stata 16.0. A random effects model was adopted to merge categories, including sex, type, grade 2 deformity (G2D) and age group for meta-analysis. The subgroup analysis used region as a stratification factor to analyze whether there were differences in the indicators. The meta-analysis included 30 studies totaling 11,353 cases. The global pooled proportion of male to female subjects with leprosy was 63% (95% CI 59%, 66%) to 37% (95% CI 34%, 41%), respectively. The pooled multibacillary proportion and paucibacillary proportion were 69% (95% CI 62%, 76%) and 31% (95% CI 24%, 38%), respectively. The pooled grade 2 deformity (G2D) proportion was 22% (95% CI 15%, 30%). Among age groups, the pooled children proportion was 11% (95% CI 8%, 13%), and the pooled adult proportion was 89% (95% CI 87%, 92%). The subgroup analysis indicated that epidemiological indicators varied from country to country. This study suggested that disparities existed between sex, type, grade 2 deformity (G2D) and age group characteristics of leprosy from country to country.

PMID:35510339 | DOI:10.1080/20477724.2022.2057722

Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2022 May 5. doi: 10.17235/reed.2022.8814/2022. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the outcomes of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (C) among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.

METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for studies that reported efficacy and/or safety of FMT therapy for recurrent CDI among IBD. We used the meta-prop command of the meta package in R to assess the efficacy and safety. Subgroup analyses were performed for exploration of heterogeneity regarding all outcomes.

RESULTS: 11 trials were included in our study. Pooled analysis showed that the initial cure rate of recurrent CDI among IBD patients was 80% (95% CI 0.76, 0.84), and the overall cure rate after two or more FMT procedures was 90% (95% CI 0.84, 0.94). The recurrence rate post FMT therapy was 25% (95% CI: 0.20, 0.32). Sub-analyses suggested that the initial cure rate of CDI in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients was higher than that in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients (85% vs. 79%), with no statistically significant differences (P >0.05). No serious adverse events were noted in any of the patients post-FMT.

CONCLUSIONS: FMT is an effective and safe treatment for recurrent CDI in patients with IBD. FMT should be considered early in cases of recurrent or refractory CDI. Multiple FMT procedures can improve the cure rate of CDI.

PMID:35510325 | DOI:10.17235/reed.2022.8814/2022

Physiol Rep. 2022 May;10(9):e15267. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15267.

ABSTRACT

Oral contraceptives (OC) are associated with increased risk of hypertension and elevated blood pressure (BP). Whether non-oral hormonal contraceptives have similar associations is unknown. We sought to investigate the effect of non-oral hormonal contraceptive (NOHC) use on the risk of hypertension and changes in BP, compared to non-hormonal contraceptive and OC use. We searched bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) until August 2020. Studies reporting risk of hypertension or changes in systolic and diastolic BP with NOHC use compared with either non-hormonal contraceptive or OC use. Abstract screening, full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment were completed in duplicate. For studies reporting dichotomous outcomes, we reported results as relative risk with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled weighted mean difference and 95% CI of change in BP. Twenty-five studies were included. A lower incidence of hypertension was observed with injectable contraceptive use compared to non-hormonal contraceptive and OC use, although it was unclear if this was statistically significant. Compared to non-hormonal contraceptive use, injectable contraceptive use was associated with increased BP (SBP: 3.24 mmHg, 95%CI 2.49 to 3.98 mmHg; DBP: 3.15 mmHg, 95%CI 0.09 to 6.20 mmHg), the hormonal intra-uterine device use was associated with reduced BP (SBP: -4.50 mmHg, 95%CI -8.44 to -0.57 mmHg; DBP: -7.48 mmHg, 95% -14.90 to -0.05 mmHg), and the vaginal ring was associated with reduced diastolic BP (-3.90 mmHg, 95%CI -6.67 to -1.13 mmHg). Compared to OC use, the injectable contraceptive use was associated with increased diastolic BP (2.38 mmHg, 95%CI 0.39 to 4.38 mmHg). NOHC use is associated with changes in BP which differ by type and route of administration. Given the strong association between incremental increases in BP and cardiovascular risk, prospective studies are required.

PMID:35510324 | DOI:10.14814/phy2.15267

Turk J Pharm Sci. 2022 Apr 29;19(2):187-195. doi: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.72547.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Multi-drug resistant bacteria have been implicated in various debilitating infections that have led to life loss. This study developed an approach to tackle multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in a chronic wound model through A. baumannii phage encapsulation with resuspension in hydrogel.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two isolates of A. baumannii-specific lytic phases ɸAB140 and ɸAB150 alone, in combination (cocktail) encapsulated within a chitosan (CS) microparticle was suspended in CS hydrogel and evaluated for their therapeutic efficacy to ensure bacterial clearance in A. baumannii induced diabetic wound infection. Microencapsulation of the phage was carried out using ionic gelation techniques Biological characterization via cell cytoxicity, in vivo wound healing, histology and histomorphometry was carried out.

RESULTS: Two characterized A. baumannii phages (ɸAB140 and ɸAB150), specific to twenty A. baumannii isolates, were isolated. The encapsulated CS microparticle hydrogel exhibited a pH of 5.77 ± 0.05. The wound size reduction was most pronounced in formulation C2, which showed statistically significant wound seize reduction on days 4 and 7, 56.79 ± 2.02% and 62.15 ± 5.11%, respectively. The optimized concentration of C2 was not toxic to the cells as it adequately supported cell growth with a proliferation rate of 215 ± 7.89% compared to control (107.32 ± 4.55%).

CONCLUSION: Microparticle carrier technology was used to show the lytic activity against multi drug-resistant A. baumannii. In vivo results showed significant wound size reduction that was most pronounced in formulation C2 on day 4.

PMID:35510310 | DOI:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.72547

Behav Brain Sci. 2022 May 5:1-76. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X22000681. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Behavior genetics is a controversial science. For decades, scholars have sought to understand the role of heredity in human behavior and life-course outcomes. Recently, technological advances and the rapid expansion of genomic databases have facilitated the discovery of genes associated with human phenotypes like educational attainment and substance use disorders. To maximize the potential of this flourishing science, and to minimize potential harms, careful analysis of what it would mean for genes to be causes of human behavior is needed. In this paper, we advance a framework for identifying instances of genetic causes, interpreting those causal relationships, and applying them to advance causal knowledge more generally in the social sciences. Central to thinking about genes as causes is counterfactual reasoning, the cornerstone of causal thinking in statistics, medicine, and philosophy. We argue that within-family genetic effects represent the product of a counterfactual comparison in the same way as average treatment effects from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Both average treatment effects from RCTs and within-family genetic effects are shallow causes: they operate within intricate causal systems (non-unitary), produce heterogeneous effects across individuals (non-uniform), and are not mechanistically informative (non-explanatory). Despite these limitations, shallow causal knowledge can be used to improve understanding of the etiology of human behavior and to explore sources of heterogeneity and fade-out in treatment effects.

PMID:35510303 | DOI:10.1017/S0140525X22000681

Cardiol Young. 2022 May 5:1-11. doi: 10.1017/S1047951122001330. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Children with critical CHD are at risk for neurodevelopmental impairments, including delays in expressive and receptive language development. However, no study has synthesised the literature regarding language abilities in children with this condition.

OBJECTIVE: We summarised the literature regarding expressive and receptive language in preschool children with critical CHD.

DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Child Development and Adolescent Studies, ERIC, PsycINFO, and CINAHL.

STUDY SELECTION: We included studies published between January, 1990 and 1 July, 2021, focused on children aged ≤5 years with critical CHD requiring a complex cardiac procedure at age <1 year. Language ability was documented using standardised, validated tools assessing both expressive and receptive language outcomes.

DATA EXTRACTION: Data (study, patient and language characteristics, and results) were extracted by two reviewers.

RESULTS: Seventeen studies were included. Among children 2-5 years old with critical CHD, there were statistically significant deficits in overall (standardised mean difference: -0.46; 95 % confidence interval: -0.56, -0.35), expressive (standardised mean difference: -0.45;95 % confidence interval: -0.54, -0.37), and receptive (standardised mean difference: -0.32; 95 % confidence interval: -0.40, -0.23) language compared to normative data. Results reported as medians were similar to meta-analysis findings. Subgroup analysis showed that children with univentricular physiology had lower language scores than children with biventricular physiology.

CONCLUSIONS: Preschool children with critical CHD had statistically significantly lower language outcomes compared to expected population norms. Healthcare professionals should test early and often for language deficits, referring to individually tailored supports.

PMID:35510297 | DOI:10.1017/S1047951122001330

Clin Ophthalmol. 2022 Apr 27;16:1313-1320. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S358871. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To characterize the clinical outcomes of a novel ab interno minimally invasive procedure with the STREAMLINE^® Surgical System for creation of incisional goniotomies and canal of Schlemm viscodilation in eyes with mild to severe primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

METHODS: In a prospective, single-arm, first-in-human case series, 20 eyes of 20 subjects with mild to severe POAG underwent creation of incisional goniotomies and canal of Schlemm viscodilation following phacoemulsification cataract extraction after washout of all intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications. The angle surgery portion was performed with a single-use handpiece tipped with a microcannula that creates precise goniotomies through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of Schlemm and delivers a small volume of ophthalmic viscosurgical device directly into the canal via precise catheterization. Outcomes in this interim analysis included mean reduction in IOP and medications through 6 months of follow-up, as well as the proportion of eyes achieving IOP reduction ≥20% from baseline.

RESULTS: At month 6, mean IOP reduction of ≥20% from baseline was achieved in 89.5% of eyes (17/19). Mean (standard deviation) medicated IOP at screening was 16.3 (3.6) mmHg and unmedicated baseline IOP (after washout) was 23.5 (2.5) mmHg. Mean IOP was significantly reduced from baseline through 6 months of follow-up to 14.7 (2.4) mmHg (p<0.001), representing an IOP reduction of 8.8 mmHg (36.9%). Overall, 57.9% (11/19) of eyes decreased dependence on IOP-lowering medications by at least one medication, and 42.1% (8/19) were medication free. Mean medication use was reduced from 2.0 (0.8) at screening to 1.1 (1.1) at 6 months (p<0.001). Three eyes had transient IOP spikes treated with topical medications.

CONCLUSION: The creation of incisional goniotomies and canal of Schlemm viscodilation safely and effectively reduced IOP and the need for IOP-lowering medications by both clinically and statistically significant magnitudes in eyes with mild to severe POAG undergoing concomitant phacoemulsification cataract extraction through the first 6 months of follow-up.

PMID:35510271 | PMC:PMC9058234 | DOI:10.2147/OPTH.S358871

Data Brief. 2022 Apr 12;42:108164. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108164. eCollection 2022 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Genetic variation is the basis of selection, evolution and breeding. Maize landraces represent a rich source of allelic diversity, but their efficient utilization in breeding and research has been hampered by their heterogeneous and heterozygous nature and insufficient information about most accessions. While molecular inventories of germplasm repositories are growing steadily, linking these data to meaningful phenotypes for quantitative traits is challenging. Here, we present comprehensive molecular and phenotypic data for ∼1,000 doubled-haploid (DH) lines derived from three pre-selected European maize landraces. Due to their full homozygosity, the DH lines can be multiplied ad libitum and represent a powerful biological resource available to the community. The DH lines allow high-precision phenotyping in repeated experiments and reveal the full additive genetic variance of the population. The DH lines were evaluated for nine agronomically important, quantitative traits in multi-environment field trials comprising seven locations and two years. The DH populations revealed high genetic variance and high heritability for the analysed traits. The DH lines were genotyped with 600k SNP markers. After stringent quality filtering 500k markers remained for further analyses. This is the largest resource of landrace derived DH material in maize, unprecedented in its structure and dimension. The presented data are ideal for linking molecular variation to meaningful phenotypes. They can be used for genome-wide association studies, genomic prediction, and population genetic analyses as well as for developing and testing statistical methods. All plant material is available to the community for conducting additional experiments, extending the panel of traits and environments, and for testing the landrace-derived lines in combination with other genetic material.

PMID:35510267 | PMC:PMC9058946 | DOI:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108164

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1364:119-143. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91979-5_6.

ABSTRACT

The investigation of cancellous bone using ultrasound measurements is not an easy task due to the solid complex trabecular structure filled with fluid-like bone marrow. It is expected that the ultrasound propagated in cancellous bone contains valuable information about the complex structure. In this chapter, the methods to derive useful information by the two-wave phenomenon-based ultrasonic assessment of cancellous bone is introduced. First, the measurements and mathematical descriptions of the two-wave phenomenon are presented in Sect. 6.1. Here, a conventional mathematical method to understand the phenomenon and fundamental results of the experimental measurements are introduced. Next, in Sect. 6.2, the computational simulation methods using models representing real bone structures, the numerical or statistical separation techniques of the two waves, and machine learning techniques for deriving material information are discussed. Finally, in Sect. 6.3, the results and the current limitations of the clinical assessment with a device using the two-wave phenomenon are introduced.

PMID:35508873 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-91979-5_6

Chin J Integr Med. 2022 May 4. doi: 10.1007/s11655-022-3524-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review to assess the effectiveness and safety of Reduning Injection versus neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment of influenza.

METHODS: The MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Chinese Bio-medical Literature and Retrieval System (Sinomed), China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and ClinicalTrails.gov were systematically searched from inception dates to May 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring Reduning Injection alone or in combination with neuraminidase inhibitors in patients with influenza. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 15.1. The qualities of the involved studies were assessed by the risk of bias according to the Cochrane handbook. The evidence quality of each outcome was evaluated by GRADEpro GDT.

RESULTS: Twelve trials with 1,460 patients were included. The included studies had a certain unclear or high risk of bias. Reduning Injection appeared to be more effective in shortening the fever clearance time (MD: -16.20 h, 95% CI: -19.40 to -12.99, 7 trials, 814 patients, I²=94%, very low certainty), fever alleviation time (MD: -4.09 h, 95% CI: -4.22 to -3.96, 3 trials, 366 patients, I²=0%, low certainty), cough alleviation time (MD: -21.34 h, 95% CI: -41.56 to -1.11, 2 trials, 228 patients, I²=89%, very low certainty), fatigue alleviation time (MD: -31.83 h, 95% CI: -36.88 to -26.77, 2 trials, 270 patients, I²=0%, low certainty), sore throat alleviation time (MD: -28.66 h, 95% CI: -32.23 to -25.10, 1 trial, 150 patients, low certainty), and improving the total effective rate (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.25, 10 trials, 1,074 patients, I²=76%, very low certainty). Besides, Reduning Injection seemed generally safe.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provided low or very low evidence indicating Reduning Injection may be effective in the treatment of influenza and might be safe. Further rigorously designed studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of Reduning Injection and support it as a recommendation for influenza.

PMID:35508864 | DOI:10.1007/s11655-022-3524-9