Tag: nevin manimala

Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Apr 18;134(15):150401. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.150401.

ABSTRACT

A typical quantum state with no symmetry can be realized by letting a random unitary act on a fixed state, and the subsystem entanglement spectrum follows the Laguerre unitary ensemble (LUE). For integer-spin time reversal symmetry, we have an analogous scenario where we prepare a time-reversal symmetric state and let random orthogonal matrices act on it, leading to the Laguerre orthogonal ensemble (LOE). However, for half-integer-spin time reversal symmetry, a straightforward analog leading to the Laguerre symplectic ensemble (LSE) is no longer valid because that time-reversal symmetric state is forbidden by the Kramers’ theorem. We devise a system in which the global time reversal operator is fractionalized on the subsystems, and show that LSE arises in the system. Extending this idea, we incorporate general symmetry fractionalization into the system, and show that the statistics of the entanglement spectrum is decomposed into a direct sum of LOE, LUE, and/or LSE. Here, various degeneracies in the entanglement spectrum may appear, depending on the non-Abelian nature of the symmetry group and the cohomology class of the nontrivial projective representation on the subsystem. Our work establishes the entanglement counterpart of Dyson’s threefold way for Hamiltonians with symmetries.

PMID:40315483 | DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.150401

J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2025 Apr 25. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000001371. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Internet access is critical for reaching most modern-day resources and systems. Yet many do not have consistent access, including people with disabilities. This can have an outsized impact on children, which COVID-19 lockdowns revealed in 2020 to 2021. However, internet access for parents with disabilities and their children is not well-studied. This study aims to fill that gap.

METHODS: We used 2018 to 2022 American Community Survey data. Parents are defined as adults with a co-residing minor for whom they are presumed responsible, and are classified as with or without disabilities. Outcomes include presence of any home internet access and home high-speed internet access, and were analyzed by the presence of disability and type of disability.

RESULTS: Results from modified Poisson regression analysis reveals that disabled parents are 1.79 times as likely as nondisabled parents to not have any home internet access (p < 0.001) and 1.40 times as likely to not have home high-speed internet access (p < 0.001). Adjustment for sociodemographic factors somewhat alleviated these disparities, but even after controlling for urbanicity, poverty, program participation, and family employment status, statistically significant disparities remained for most disability subtypes. Parents with hearing disabilities were most likely to lack home internet access.

CONCLUSION: Among US parents, disability status is associated with lacking any home internet access and lacking home high-speed internet access. Given the importance of internet access in nearly all aspects of modern society for children and families, continued and increased support for programs that assist parents with disabilities may be an avenue for improving access.

PMID:40315438 | DOI:10.1097/DBP.0000000000001371

Sci Adv. 2025 May 2;11(18):eadr9417. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr9417. Epub 2025 May 2.

ABSTRACT

Global ice losses will likely continue with ongoing climate warming, culminating in an almost ice-free planet analogous to that which persisted throughout much of the Cretaceous. Despite extensive research, Early Cretaceous cryosphere responses to temperature and atmospheric P_CO2 fluctuations over short, human, timescales remain uncertain. Here, we show rapid late Valanginian (~133 million years ago) seasonal fluctuations in sea surface temperature (SST) and δ¹⁸O mainly driven by atmospheric P_CO2. Two distinctive features emerge: large seasonal variability of up to 15.9° ± 4.9°C in Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, comparable to that found today, a positive sea surface δ¹⁸O value related to evaporation (expressed as salinity increases), and the existence of polar ice. Model-predicted patterns of SST change match with high statistical confidence those derived from clumped isotopes in well-preserved oyster fossils from Madagascar and display consistent warm/cold seasonality. Given its relative coolness in a Cretaceous context, the late Valanginian is a valuable analog for Earth’s future climate.

PMID:40315318 | DOI:10.1126/sciadv.adr9417

PLoS One. 2025 May 2;20(5):e0322471. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322471. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological characteristics of musculoskeletal infections are constantly evolving. Despite the significant burden of musculoskeletal infections in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a scarcity of data regarding the potential causes and treatment outcomes of such infections in the region. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to assess a management protocol, clinical outcomes, and associated factors among adult individuals diagnosed with musculoskeletal infections.

METHODS: Adult patients admitted to Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC), Ethiopia with a diagnosis of musculoskeletal infections was enrolled prospectively from July 2022-December 2022. Clinical characteristics, management protocol, and complications were recorded from admission to discharge. Bacteria were identified by a series of biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer Disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed by using SPSS v.23 and the p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULT: Among 160 participants included in the study, 103(64.37%) were male, and the mean age 33.51 ± 13.56 years. About 94 (58.8%) of patients had microbial growth, of which 75.5% accounts for mono-microbial. The common bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus in (22.4%), Escherichia coli (18.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.7) and Klebsiella pneumonia (11.2). The isolated etiologies were resistant to Ceftriaxone in 67(81.70%) and Ceftazidime in 47(61.8%) of test results. Nearly all (98.8%) of patients were took antibiotics on admission and Ceftriaxone was highly utilized as monotherapy in (23.4%) of patients. Nearly half (46.9%) of the patients were develop treatment failure. Sex [AOR = 2.56, 95%CI (1.07-6.23)], microbial growth [AOR = 3.03, 95%CI (1.31-6.97)], ceftriaxone resistance [AOR = 4.46, 95%CI (1.06-18.67)], co-morbidities [AOR = 2.32, 95%CI (1.007-5.36)], and complications [AOR = 2.80, 95%CI (1.26-6.20)] were associated with treatment failure outcome.

CONCLUSION: Close to half of adult patients with musculoskeletal infections experienced treatment failure. Staphylococcus aureus stood out as the prevailing bacterial strain identified. The timely switching of parenteral antibiotics to oral counterparts, alongside timely surgical interventions, significantly enhanced the recovery outcomes for these individuals.

PMID:40315290 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0322471

PLoS One. 2025 May 2;20(5):e0321553. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321553. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the spatial distribution of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DRTB) cases in Rio de Janeiro state and its association with demographics, socioeconomic and health determinants.

METHODS: An ecological study based on real-world DRTB data from 2010 to 2022, in the Rio de Janeiro state, using data from the Special Tuberculosis Treatment Information System (SITE-TB) and demographic census. Crude incidence rates (CIR) of DRTB per 100,000 inhabitants and smoothed rates through the Global and Local Empirical Bayesian (BEG and BEL) methods were calculated. Spatial autocorrelation was explored using Moran’s I statistic, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), and the Getis-Ord statistics. The SCAN method was also used to identify spatial-time clusters. To analyze the association of DRTB and determinants, we used LISA bivariate for spatial correlation and four explanatory statistical models were listed.

RESULTS: From 2010 to 2022, 2,709 new cases of DRTB were reported (CIR 16.9/100,000 inhabitants). The municipalities in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro state had the highest rates. Despite 41% of municipalities reporting no new cases, BEG and BEL suggested higher rates than CIR, indicating underreporting. Spatial heterogeneity was observed, and spatial and spatial-temporal clusters and hotspots were detected in metropolitan region. Family health strategy coverage was identified as protection factor, however a not expected negative spatial autocorrelation between CIR and health strategy coverage, primary care and healthcare agent coverage was found. The variables identified as risk factors were population aged ≥18 years old with Elementary School completed (OR:1.10; CI95%:1.04-1.16), demographic density (OR: 1.00; CI95%:1.00-1.01), HIV-TB coinfection (OR: 1.18; CI95%:1.06-1.31).

CONCLUSION: The identification of areas of risk for DRTB, spatial correlation and association between incidence and determinants, demonstrates that the DRTB transmission dynamics is related to the perpetuation of social inequality and urban spatial organization.

PMID:40315278 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0321553

PLoS One. 2025 May 2;20(5):e0321686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321686. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Timely initiation and adequate number of antenatal care (ANC) visits are crucial for ensuring the health and well-being of both pregnant women and their unborn children. Despite recent progress, Bangladesh continues to face challenges in achieving sustainable development goal (SDG-3) related to maternal and neonatal health. This study examines the factors contributing to delayed initiation and a low number of ANC visits, while also evaluating the association between the timing and overall number of ANC visits.

DATA: Nationally representative data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) conducted in 2007 (n = 3050) and 2017-18 (n = 4544) on women aged 15-49 years.

METHODS: We investigated two binary outcome variables: late ANC, defined as the initiation of ANC visits after 12 weeks of gestation, and low ANC, defined as having less than four ANC visits. Geospatial mapping was employed to visualize spatial patterns, followed by survey-weighted logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with late initiation of ANC and low ANC visit frequency. Additionally, classification tree analysis was utilized to explore interactions between predictors and outcomes.

RESULTS: Logistic regression modeling revealed that late ANC was associated with a more than fourfold increase in the odds of having fewer than four ANC visits (AOR: 4.60 [95% CI: 3.69-5.73] in 2007 and AOR: 4.68 [95% CI: 4.00-5.48] in 2017-18). Classification tree analysis further confirmed that late ANC initiation was the most critical predictor of total number of ANC attendance, underscoring the necessity of early ANC initiation to ensure sufficient coverage.

CONCLUSION: Early initiation of ANC is essential for achieving an adequate number of ANC visits. Notably, the same set of sociodemographic factors remained statistically significant predictors in both 2007 and 2017, highlighting the persistent nature of these disparities and underscoring the urgent need for targeted policies and health interventions.

PMID:40315259 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0321686

PLoS One. 2025 May 2;20(5):e0320607. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320607. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

The Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) is a federal initiative aimed at improving the dietary behaviors and nutrition knowledge of low-income households. This study evaluates the impact of Texas EFNEP on the dietary quality of participants using data from across ten counties over four fiscal years (2019-2022). Dietary quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI), calculated from 24-hour dietary recalls collected before and after participation in the program. The study analyzed changes of HEI scores across fiscal years, counties, socio-demographic characteristics, and public assistance program participation. The Texas EFNEP intervention resulted in a statistically significant improvement in overall HEI scores, 4.23 on average. The greatest dietary improvements were noted in Tarrant and Hidalgo counties. Among racial groups, participants identified as Asian showed the most improvement on average, followed by participants identified as white and as black. On average, Hispanic participants experienced greater dietary improvements than non-Hispanic participants. Based on regression analysis, geographic location and participation in public assistance programs such as the Child Nutrition Program (CNP) significantly impacted total HEI scores, but age, income, and hours taught in EFNEP were not statistically significant determinants. Statistically significant improvements were detected in eight of the nine adequacy components of the HEI, including total fruit, whole grains, and dairy. Concerning the moderation components, statistically significant changes were evident for refined grains, added sugar, and saturated fat. However, the program was less effective in moderating sodium intake, a known dietary challenge in low-income populations. The findings suggest that the Texas EFNEP contributed to improvements in overall dietary quality, including enhancements in both adequacy and moderation components of the Healthy Eating Index. These findings are consistent with prior research concerning the effectiveness of EFNEP studied in other states and regions.

PMID:40315241 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0320607

PLoS One. 2025 May 2;20(5):e0322164. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322164. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

We examined the prevalence of obesity among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) young adults and to investigate the association between key social determinants of health (SDOH) and higher body mass index (BMI). We used the Indian Health Service Improving Delivery Data Project from fiscal year 2013. It includes data for 20,698 AIAN young adults aged 18-24 years. We added county-level measures of SDOH from the USDA Food Environment Atlas and the Census as contextual variables. We conducted stratified logistic regressions to understand the relationship between these SDOH indicators and odds of obesity. Thirty-seven percent of our sample was identified as obese (i.e., BMI ≥30). Individuals who lived in counties with lower levels of educational attainment and higher levels of poverty had higher odds of obesity than those who lived in counties with higher education and lower poverty (p < 0.0001). Counties with higher poverty rates had less access to social and environmental resources than the lower poverty rate counties (p < 0.0001). Federal and state governments should increase access to education and economic development opportunities to positively impact health outcomes.

PMID:40315227 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0322164

PLoS One. 2025 May 2;20(5):e0322015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322015. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Patients often spend significant time waiting for care, which influences patient satisfaction, perceived quality, access to care, and utilization of various health care services. Waiting time and resulting implications remain understudied in low- and middle-income countries like Kenya. This study aimed to describe the impact on the perception of waiting times on patient satisfaction and care at a tertiary healthcare institution in Kenya.

METHOD: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study between the first of April 2023 and the thirty-first of August 2023 at the Emergency Room (ER) at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire examining demographics and patient wait times. Descriptive statistics were summarized using frequencies and percentages, and univariate analyses using Fisher’s exact test were conducted for group comparisons.

RESULTS: A total of 941 patients participated in the study, with 52.0% being females and 53.6% in the 20-40-year age group. More than half of the patients were married (52.4%), had a university education (75.9%), and were employed (70.6%). Of the patients who took the survey, 51.1% reported waiting for 31-60 minutes, while 25.4% reported waiting for more than 60 minutes. Most patients presented to the ER on Monday, most frequently between 0800 and 1200 hrs. Most patients (70.8%) were likely to return for care and 71.7% were likely to recommend care at the ER to relatives and friends.

CONCLUSION: Specific days and times of visits to the ER were associated with prolonged waiting times. To reduce waiting times and improve access to healthcare services, facilities should consider increasing the number of healthcare providers during these peak hours to ensure timely and quality consultations. Identifying bottlenecks and gridlocks within healthcare facilities is crucial to developing an efficient blueprint that aims to improve waiting times, leading to improved patient satisfaction and care.

PMID:40315218 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0322015

PLoS One. 2025 May 2;20(5):e0322515. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322515. eCollection 2025.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Identifying underlying subgroups might be a way to examine the development of co-occurrent substance use and delinquency. The aim of this study was to identify latent classes of substance misuse and delinquency in adolescence and which general risk factors are associated with these classes.

METHODS: Data of two waves from a national representative Swedish birth cohort was used that consisted of 4,013 randomly selected adolescents (Male = 1,798, Female = 2,201, Missing = 14) Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of substance misuse and delinquency at age 17/18 and. logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors at age 15/16.

RESULTS: Identified classes were: “Low/abstainers” (74.80%, n = 2858, Male = 1191 Female = 1656, Missing = 11) which acted as reference, “Alcohol only” (22.21%, n = 849, Male = 420, Female = 426, Missing = 3), “Polydrug use and crime” (2.15%, n = 82, Male = 52, Female = 30) and “High crime” (0.84%, n = 32, Male = 30, Females = 2). Factors associated with belonging to any classes engaging in substance use and delinquency were lower parental support, supervision, peer problems, and higher conduct problems, sensation-seeking behavior, distrust in society, and truancy.

CONCLUSIONS: Most people did not engage in substance use or delinquency. When accounting for less frequent behaviors such as normative adolescent drinking and one-time events of crime and drug use, about 3% of the population engaged in co-occurring substance use and delinquency. Several different factors from several domains where related to belonging to a class that used substances and/or engaged in delinquency. There were indications that the most extensive users and offender displayed a wide variety of severe level risk factors, which could have implications for targeted interventions. Though, statistical power was a problem and future research should use larger samples or alternative methods.

PMID:40315216 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0322515