Tag: nevin manimala

Psychon Bull Rev. 2026 Apr 21;33(5):148. doi: 10.3758/s13423-026-02900-z.

ABSTRACT

Research on children’s size estimation across varying distances began in the 1920s and has continued to the present. The most prominent method is the size-matching task, in which the participants are asked, for example, to select from several nearby comparison objects the one that corresponds in size to a distant standard object. In this overview, data on the development of size constancy from 24 studies, which provided 245 mean values for size constancy, were analyzed descriptively. Moreover, 102 out of the 245 means were also statistically analyzed. Overall, children of all ages underestimate the size of distant objects. Moreover, size estimations become more accurate with increasing age and with decreasing distance. However, these trends are modulated by several methodological variants of the size-matching paradigm-that is, the impact of the mode of presentation of the comparison stimuli (single/successive versus series presentation of the comparison objects), of the angular separation between standard and comparison objects (simultaneous versus nonsimultaneous visibility of standard and comparison), of the relative position of standard and comparison objects (comparison nearer than standard versus standard nearer than comparison), of the kind of experimental size instructions (objective size versus apparent size instructions), and of viewing conditions (monocular versus binocular viewing conditions). The existing theories on the development of size constancy include the proximal versus constancy mode theory, the metacognitive theory, and the perceptual learning theory. These theories are discussed against the background of the results of the meta-analysis.

PMID:42014655 | DOI:10.3758/s13423-026-02900-z

Behav Res Methods. 2026 Apr 21;58(5):133. doi: 10.3758/s13428-026-02996-0.

ABSTRACT

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is widely used for parameter estimation in item response theory (IRT) modeling. However, when applied to datasets with large numbers of individuals and items, the standard EM algorithm can be slow to converge, with computationally expensive E-steps. We propose a modified EM algorithm to accelerate estimation for unidimensional two-parameter logistic IRT models. The modified algorithm uses a two-stage structure with partial-step updating over data subsets to reduce convergence time, while maintaining comparable accuracy and precision. The first two simulation studies evaluated its performance relative to standard EM, focusing on convergence time, parameter recovery, and standard error estimation across varying subset sizes and item counts. The third study demonstrated its scalability and runtime advantage in a large-scale testing scenario involving one million respondents and 100 items. The fourth study evaluated robustness under departures from unidimensionality. The proposed algorithm showed time reductions under smaller subsets with 36 items, consistent reductions across all subset sizes with 54 items, and the largest reduction (60%) with 40-item forms constructed from 100 items, while maintaining comparable estimation performance. These results highlight the algorithm’s potential for large-scale applications involving tens of thousands of respondents and moderate-to-large item pools, with modifications that can be integrated into existing EM routines. We conclude with directions for operational use and potential extensions to multidimensional IRT estimation.

PMID:42014633 | DOI:10.3758/s13428-026-02996-0

J Orthop Traumatol. 2026 Apr 21. doi: 10.1186/s10195-026-00921-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Trans-ulnar fracture-dislocations of the elbow are rare injuries with complex fracture patterns and variable outcomes. Traditional classification systems offer limited prognostic value. A recently introduced coronoid-centric Mayo classification distinguishes injury subtypes based on coronoid attachment and identifies trans-ulnar basal coronoid (TUBC) fractures as a particularly challenging entity. This study evaluated outcomes across Mayo fracture types and explored factors associated with inferior results in TUBC injuries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, surgically treated trans-ulnar elbow fracture-dislocations managed at a level I trauma center between 2010 and 2022 were identified and classified according to the Mayo system. Demographic data, injury characteristics, surgical management, radiographic outcomes, and complications were recorded. Functional outcomes were assessed after a minimum follow-up of 12 months using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS); Oxford Elbow Score (OES); Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH); European Quality of Life Five-Dimension, Five-Level Version (EQ-5D-5L); and range-of-motion measurements. Radiographs were analyzed for union, instability, heterotopic ossification, and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA).

RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included (14 trans-olecranon, 28 TUBC, 10 Monteggia-variant). TUBC injuries were the most common subtype (53.8%). Post-traumatic OA was significantly more frequent in TUBC injuries than in fractures with coronoid attachment to a major fragment (88% versus 61%, P = 0.047). Higher-grade OA and persistent instability were associated with inferior functional outcomes. Although functional scores tended to be lower in TUBC injuries, differences compared with other subtypes were not consistently statistically significant. Within the TUBC group, poorer outcomes were observed when stable screw fixation of the basal coronoid fragment could not be achieved.

CONCLUSIONS: TUBC fracture-dislocations represent a high-risk subgroup of trans-ulnar elbow injuries. Stable fixation of the coronoid base appears critical for achieving favorable outcomes. The Mayo classification provides clinically relevant stratification and prognostic insight for these complex injuries.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

PMID:42014627 | DOI:10.1186/s10195-026-00921-x

Environ Monit Assess. 2026 Apr 22;198(5):487. doi: 10.1007/s10661-026-15330-0.

ABSTRACT

Urban environmental noise has emerged as a critical public health risk globally due to its extensive impact on human life and health. This study conducts a comprehensive assessment of Urban Environmental Noise (UEN) and Urban Traffic Noise (UTN) across 36 major Chinese cities from 2007 to 2023, integrating spatiotemporal analysis, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), and economic valuation. Results indicate that UTN (median 66 to 70 dB) consistently exceeds UEN (median 52 to 56 dB), with significant spatial differentiation observed across the studied cities. Spatially, high-density hub cities (such as Beijing, Shijiazhuang, and Chongqing) bear a substantially higher health burden from noise pollution. Furthermore, the estimated health burden is dominated by sleep disturbance (YLD_HSD), which consistently outweighs noise annoyance (YLD_HA). Nonlinear relationships were also observed between noise levels and the attributable environmental burden. The annual economic loss attributed to traffic noise across these cities is estimated at 3.59 billion USD, representing a significant economic cost to sustainable urban development that has previously been overlooked. These findings suggest that noise pollution prevention and control in China need to shift from compliance-based monitoring to health-centric interventions and localized noise management strategies are urgently required.

PMID:42014604 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-026-15330-0

Biogerontology. 2026 Apr 21;27(3):90. doi: 10.1007/s10522-026-10437-w.

ABSTRACT

Aging is a complex process influenced by various factors, including gut microbiota and food likings. Focusing on gut and dietary health is a crucial strategy for promoting long-term health and active aging. This study investigates the reciprocal causal relationships between gut microbiota, food likings and aging using Mendelian Randomization (MR) approaches. We leveraged the summary statistics of gut microbiota (n = 5,959), food likings (n = 161,625), and three aging phenotypes including telomere length (n = 472,174), facial aging (n = 423,999), and frailty index (n = 175,226). We performed bidirectional MR analyses to explore the causal effects of gut microbiota and food likings on aging, and mediation analyses to discover potential mediating gut microbiota and food likings. We discovered numerous correlations between gut microbiota, food likings, and aging. Notably, we identified that Lachnospira rogosae and CAG-83 sp000435555 influenced the frailty index through diet fizzy drinks liking, while UBA2922 sp900313925 had an effect through F-wine liking. Our findings provide insights into these complex interactions and offer a basis for personalized dietary interventions to slow aging and improve health, potentially informing new strategies for preventing age-related diseases.

PMID:42014597 | DOI:10.1007/s10522-026-10437-w

Arch Womens Ment Health. 2026 Apr 22;29(3):67. doi: 10.1007/s00737-026-01701-6.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Mother-infant bonding disorders have the potential to impact infant development and maternal mental health during the perinatal period. In Mexico, the limited information regarding their prevalence is associated with the absence of validated instruments for their detection. The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) is one of the most widely used instruments internationally, although it reports high psychometric heterogeneity depending on the context. The objective of this study was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of a Mexican version of the PBQ (PBQ-Mx) and to establish its sensitivity and specificity in Mexican mothers.

METHODS: The PBQ-Mx was administered to 455 women in the first postpartum year. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and an Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis were performed. A ROC curve analysis was also performed on a subsample of 134 mothers with a clinical diagnosis of the quality of mother-infant bonding using the Stafford Interview to determine sensitivity, specificity, and a cut-off point.

RESULTS: The original 25-item structure of the PBQ was confirmed, exhibiting good overall reliability (α = 0.82, Ω = 0.86), though factor 3 (infant-focused anxiety) demonstrated low reliability. IRT analysis confirmed the validity of the theoretical model. The prevalence of mother-infant bonding disorders was 7%. The cut-off point of ≥ 12 demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 88% (AUC = 0.980).

CONCLUSIONS: The PBQ-Mx demonstrated psychometric properties that support its use as a valid and reliable tool for the early detection and research of mother-infant bonding difficulties in the Mexican postpartum population.

PMID:42014588 | DOI:10.1007/s00737-026-01701-6

JACC Adv. 2026 Apr 20;5(5):102749. doi: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2026.102749. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:42013524 | DOI:10.1016/j.jacadv.2026.102749

Int Dent J. 2026 Apr 20;76(3):109561. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2026.109561. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Mandibular movement is a complex physiological process essential for orofacial function. Patients with disc displacement without reduction (DDWoR) exhibit significant kinematic impairments, which are thought to arise from structural joint damage and neuromuscular dysregulation. This study characterised mandibular movement in DDWoR using the Jaw Motion Analyzer. Through quantitative trajectory analysis and principal component analysis, we identified the primary variation patterns in mandibular kinematics. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of key movement parameters. This work provides a basis for functional movement-based assessment and objective diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders.

METHODS: This case-control study enrolled 40 DDWoR patients and 20 matched healthy controls. Mandibular movement trajectories were recorded using the Zebris Jaw Motion Analyzer system during standardised tasks. Trajectory symmetry was analysed via mathematical programming. Statistical analyses included group comparisons, principal component analysis and ROC curve evaluation to identify diagnostic kinematic indicators.

RESULTS: DDWoR patients exhibited significant kinematic alterations compared to healthy controls. Bilateral DDWoR patients showed reduced protrusive and opening movement ranges. In contrast, unilateral DDWoR patients demonstrated relatively asymmetrical patterns characterised by asymmetric condylar trajectories with increased lateral excursion ranges. Principal component analysis between the bilateral DDWoR group and the healthy group revealed 2 dominant variation patterns explaining 53.69% of total variance. ROC analysis identified excellent diagnostic value for sagittal opening symmetry (AUC = 0.901) and good value for incisal point inclination (AUC = 0.813).

CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm distinctive and heterogeneous mandibular movement patterns in DDWoR, revealing several parameters with diagnostic potential to inform functional assessment and personalised treatment strategies for temporomandibular disorder.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study identifies specific mandibular movement signatures in DDWoR patients, providing objective kinematic parameters for functional assessment. These findings facilitate early diagnosis, enable real-time treatment monitoring and support the development of personalised rehabilitation strategies for temporomandibular disorders.

PMID:42013519 | DOI:10.1016/j.identj.2026.109561

Int Dent J. 2026 Apr 20;76(3):109563. doi: 10.1016/j.identj.2026.109563. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the relationship between oral frailty (OF) and cognitive impairment in older adults and explore the association between OF and different domains of cognitive function.

METHODS: A total of 461 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China were selected as the participants. The number of natural teeth, daily toothbrushing frequency and the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index scale for older adults were used to assess OF. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale.

RESULTS: The prevalence of OF was 33.4%. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 65.7%. Compared with the non-OF group, the OF group was associated with a higher likelihood of cognitive impairment (OR = 1.959). Older adults with low oral function were associated with a higher likelihood of cognitive impairment. OF was significantly associated with cognitive impairment in older adults aged ≥80 years (OR = 2.468). OF was associated with 2 domains of cognitive function: visuospatial and executive function (OR = 0.532), language domain (OR = 0.821).

CONCLUSIONS: There is a correlation between OF and oral function and cognitive impairment in older adults in the community, and the association between OF and cognitive function is significant in older adults aged ≥80 years. OF in older adults was associated with worse screening performance in the domain of executive function and language function.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This cross-sectional study revealed the association between OF and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. The significance of this finding is not only to confirm the statistical association between oral and cognitive health, but also to suggest that oral and cognitive health dimensions, which are closely related but often managed separately, should be considered and synergistically promoted when designing community health intervention programs.

PMID:42013517 | DOI:10.1016/j.identj.2026.109563

Child Abuse Negl. 2026 Apr 20;176:108065. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108065. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Child sexual assault (CSA) is a critical public health issue that disproportionately affects children in environments marked by family instability and limited school protection. Empirical evidence from Latin American school settings remains scarce.

OBJECTIVE: To examine individual, familial, digital, and school-related factors associated with sexual victimization among students in Itagüí, Colombia.

PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 205 students aged 8-17 years from three public schools participated in the study.

METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical design was used. Sexual victimization was operationalized as a binary composite outcome based on four items capturing non-consensual sexual contact, coercion or threats, requests to expose intimate body parts, and grooming-like situations indicating imminent sexual risk. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were employed to estimate associations.

RESULTS: Overall, 32.1% of students endorsed at least one indicator of sexual Victimization or risk. Exposure to physical violence or threats was strongly associated with sexual victimization (OR 7.38; 95% CI 1.68-32.45). Knowing someone who had been victimized and family alcohol consumption also increased risk. Perceived school safety (OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.03-0.55) and knowledge of children’s rights (OR 0.08; 95% CI 0.01-0.47) emerged as significant protective factors.

CONCLUSIONS: Sexual victimization in this school population was significantly associated with household violence and specific environmental vulnerabilities, whereas perceived school safety and knowledge of children’s rights emerged as protective correlates. These findings highlight key factors relevant for early identification and prevention.

PMID:42013491 | DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2026.108065