Tag: nevin manimala

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2025 Dec 2;13:e80094. doi: 10.2196/80094.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Keystroke dynamics on smartphones have emerged as a promising form of passive digital biomarker. While previous studies have explored their utility in several diseases and disorders, relatively few have examined how these dynamics change systematically with chronological age in the general population.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate age-related patterns in mobile keystroke dynamics, with a particular focus on temporal variations throughout the day. By identifying behavioral signatures associated with different age groups, we further assess whether artificial intelligence-based models can accurately estimate chronological age using passively collected keystroke data.

METHODS: We conducted a field study involving 177 healthy adults in the Republic of Korea, collecting free-living smartphone typing logs over multiple weeks through a custom Android keyboard app (CodeRed Corp). For each keystroke, the app recorded press and release timestamps and key type, from which 43 behavioral features were extracted across categories of speed, frequency, and temporal variability. Weekly feature vectors were constructed at 3 temporal resolutions (6-hour intervals, daily, and weekly). In total, 8 artificial intelligence models, including random forest, TabNet, transformer, and long short-term memory, were trained with participant-wise 10-fold cross-validation. A custom loss function was introduced to reduce intraparticipant prediction variability. Descriptive statistics and ablation studies were conducted to assess behavioral trends and feature contributions.

RESULTS: The study included 177 participants (female: n=115; male: n=62) with a mean age of 28.8 (SD 11.1) years, all residing in the Republic of Korea. On average, data were collected for 25 weeks per participant, resulting in a dataset of more than 2.5 million typing sessions. Descriptive analysis revealed clear age-related differences. Younger participants typed faster and more frequently, while older participants showed slower and more variable typing. The long short-term memory model using the 6-hour interval median features achieved the best age estimation performance (mean absolute error 3.69 years, R²=0.71). When the customized loss function was applied, the model’s performance further improved to a mean absolute error of 3.60, with a reduction in intraparticipant variability in estimated ages by 7.8%. Notably, feature importance analysis suggested that the early morning (midnight to 6 AM) and late evening (6 PM to midnight) periods may carry more age-discriminative keystroke patterns.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that smartphone keystroke dynamics reflect age-sensitive behavioral patterns, particularly when analyzed with fine-grained temporal resolution. While the primary goal was not age estimation per se, the ability to model these patterns highlights the potential of keystroke dynamics as a passive, unobtrusive behavioral marker for age-related functional characteristics. These insights may inform future applications in digital health, such as age-sensitive personalization or early detection of age-related decline without requiring any active user input.

PMID:41329951 | DOI:10.2196/80094

JMIR Res Protoc. 2025 Dec 2;14:e63663. doi: 10.2196/63663.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Maternal mental health concerns either during pregnancy or the postpartum period are a public health challenge. Depression, anxiety, and stress can lead to poorer outcomes in the antenatal and postpartum periods. There is evidence that the effect of stress, anxiety, and depression during pregnancy negatively affects fetal neurodevelopment and children’s developmental outcomes. Early diagnosis can improve treatment outcomes and prevent negative impacts on the mother and baby. Identifying risk factors, such as age, socioeconomic status, mental health history, and family dysfunction, and clinical manifestations are important for public health programs.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the prevalence of depression and associated risk factors among antenatal and postnatal women attending government health clinics in Selangor.

METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study will be conducted among antenatal and postnatal women attending government health clinics (Klinik Kesihatan) in Selangor, Malaysia, from August 1, 2024, to December 31, 2026. We will perform a simple random sampling in all 9 districts in Selangor to select 1 government health clinic in each district. The inclusion criteria for this study are women aged 18 years and older who are either pregnant or delivered a newborn or stillborn child within the preceding 6 weeks. We will use a published screening tool (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) to determine the level of depression among antenatal and postnatal women. We will also collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric factors, and psychosocial support.

RESULTS: We will obtain ethics approval from the relevant ethics boards prior to data collection. Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corporation) and we will conduct a descriptive analysis to determine the prevalence of depression. We will calculate the level of depression among antenatal and postnatal women and score it based on a previous study conducted in Malaysia, with a score of ≥12 indicating the presence of depression. The association between depression and risk factors will be determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. P values less than .05 will be considered statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS: Depression is one of the mental health complications that may arise following childbirth. Therefore, the findings of this study on the prevalence and associated risk factors of depression among antenatal and postnatal women in Selangor may help women address this challenge and improve maternal mental health during pregnancy and after birth.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/63663.

PMID:41329948 | DOI:10.2196/63663

Psychol Health Med. 2025 Dec 2:1-22. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2025.2594173. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In the evolving global landscape, developing innovative abilities has become the new goal of higher education in the world. Within this framework, universities face a significant task of developing training models that cultivate top innovative minds, so that these individuals acquire the skills needed to face complex challenges in modern times. This study employed a cross-sectional analysis involving sample size of 340 randomly selected students majoring in the Humanities field in Guangxi province, China. Here, data is collected using validated instruments measuring key constructs, including Course Design and Teaching Methods, Educational Philosophy, Educational Resources and Environment, and Faculty Development on Teaching Effectiveness. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated good model fit with indices of CFI = 0.971, RMSEA = 0.035, SRMR = 0.037, and GFI = 0.905. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed that Course Design and Teaching methods significantly mediated the relationship between educational environment factors and talent quality with standardized path coefficients of ${\chi }^2$ = 549.686, p < 0.261, and ${\chi }^2/\mathrm{df}$ = 1.409. These findings support the hypothesis framework highlighting the critical role of teaching effectiveness in enhancing talent development within the New Humanities educational context. Implications for educational practice and policy in Guangxi universities are discussed. Results of mediation analysis confirmed that the connection amongst the training factors and Teaching Effectiveness is fully mediated by Critical Factors in Training Models. Descriptive statistics show high internal consistency and good convergent validity. The study finds that well-designed teaching methods are more critical for enhancing Teaching Effectiveness, while other factors, although relevant, are less important.

PMID:41329928 | DOI:10.1080/13548506.2025.2594173

J Cataract Refract Surg. 2025 Nov 26. doi: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001845. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate clobetasol propionate ophthalmic suspension (CPN) as treatment for inflammation and pain after cataract surgery.

SETTING: Nine outpatient surgery centers in the USA.

DESIGN: A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, dose-selection, two-part study.

METHODS: After uncomplicated cataract surgery, participants were randomized to CPN 0.05% or placebo (1:1) twice daily (BID) for 21 days (Part A), or CPN 0.05%, CPN 0.1%, or their corresponding placebos (1:1:1:1) BID for 3 days, then once daily (QD) for 11 days (Part B). Primary efficacy endpoints were anterior chamber cell (ACC) count and ocular pain grade; secondary endpoints included visual acuity, anterior chamber flare (ACF) grade and number of participants rescued. Safety assessments included adverse events, ophthalmoscopy assessments and intraocular pressure (IOP).

RESULTS: In Part A, 45 participants were randomized (mean age 67.7 years; 71.1% female). In Part B, 87 participants were randomized (mean age 68.0 years; 63.2% female). CPN 0.05% BID for 21 days (Part A) produced statistically significant reductions of ACC count and ACF grade compared to placebo, with similar results after only 14 days of dosing. The CPN BID/QD regimens (Part B) were less efficacious than 0.05% BID. No participants on CPN were rescued. CPN was well tolerated, with an adverse event profile similar to placebo, including no meaningful IOP increases during up to 21 days of dosing.

CONCLUSIONS: CPN 0.05% BID for 3 weeks was safe and reduced ocular inflammation after cataract surgery.

TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: CPN 0.05% administered twice a day has the potential to be a safe and effective treatment for inflammation after cataract surgery.

PMID:41329923 | DOI:10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001845

J Pers Disord. 2025 Nov;39(6):461-485. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2025.39.6.461.

ABSTRACT

Identity impairment is central to personality pathology generally, but less is known about how identity impairment appears differently across personality pathology. The AMPD lists a criterion for disorder-specific identity impairment for each personality disorder (PD), but these criteria have not been adequately empirically examined. N = 305 university students completed self-report measures of personality pathology (traditional DSM-5 and AMPD conceptualizations) and identity impairment (identity diffusion). We explored which identity diffusion items associated most strongly with each PD scale. Results were mixed. Predictions were partially supported in that at least one expected identity diffusion item emerged as most strongly associated with antisocial, avoidant, and borderline PDs. For narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, and schizotypal PDs, predictions were not supported. Results were somewhat consistent between DSM Section II and AMPD scales for most PDs, except avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PD. We emphasize the need for further empirical study on disorder-specific identity impairment across personality pathology.

PMID:41329921 | DOI:10.1521/pedi.2025.39.6.461

J Pers Disord. 2025 Nov;39(6):437-460. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2025.39.6.437.

ABSTRACT

Research has sought to understand the relationship among childhood maltreatment, maladaptive personality, and antisocial behaviors. However, most of the literature overlooks possible gender differences by using primarily male samples. The current study examined these relationships, focusing on the mediating role of personality dysfunction, in samples of women who are incarcerated (N = 200) and undergraduate students (N = 187). Correlations revealed moderate to strong associations among childhood trauma, personality psychopathology, and antisocial behavior (rs = .31-.66). The findings demonstrated a mediation pathway from childhood trauma to BPD (β = .37) and ASPD/psychopathy (βs = .25-.34) to antisocial behavior (βs = .35-.67). This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the associations among childhood trauma, personality psychopathology, and antisocial behavior. Additionally, it expands existing research by presenting a mediation model, demonstrating the role of personality dysfunction in mediating the relationship between childhood maltreatment and antisocial behavior in women.

PMID:41329919 | DOI:10.1521/pedi.2025.39.6.437

Community Dent Health. 2025 Dec 2:265539X251401832. doi: 10.1177/0265539X251401832. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Oral health, though linked with overall health and well-being, is often neglected in low- and middle-income countries such as India. Tooth loss, primarily caused by dental caries and periodontal disease, has been associated with malnutrition, obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and even mortality. Despite the increasing burden of multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs), limited research in India has explored the association between tooth loss and MLTCs. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of complete tooth loss and assessed its association with MLTCs using nationally representative data from the second wave of the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE).

METHODS: The study utilized data from the second wave of SAGE conducted in 2015 in India. Data collection covered six states using a multistage stratified sampling approach. MLTCs were defined as the co-occurrence of two or more chronic conditions, assessed via self-reported diagnoses and clinical measurements. The analysis included 7,595 participants aged ≥45 years. Statistical analyses were conducted using weighted estimates and logistic regression models.

RESULTS: The prevalence of loss was 12%, while 25.1% of individuals had MLTCs. Among those with MLTCs, 15.4% experienced tooth loss. Tooth loss was significantly associated with MLTCs and ageing. The likelihood of tooth loss was higher in individuals with MLTCs [AOR: 1.30 (95% CI: 1.06-1.59), p-value: 0.012].

CONCLUSION: Tooth loss and MLTCs were found to be associated among adults aged ≥45 years in India, emphasizing the need to integrate oral health into chronic disease management strategies.

PMID:41329898 | DOI:10.1177/0265539X251401832

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2025 Dec 2. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c16811. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Emerging quantum information technologies demand robust, tunable, single photon sources. Solid-state single photon emitters (SPEs) in the two-dimensional material hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) offer unique advantages, including stability and integration potential, yet current fabrication methods lack precise control over the emitter placement and properties. In this work, we demonstrate a high-yield approach to patterning SPE arrays in hBN by combining focused ion beam (FIB) milling with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of nanocrystalline graphitic carbon. Using statistical design and analysis of experiments, we systematically map a high-dimensional parameter space─spanning FIB exposure and CVD conditions─to identify the optimal regimes for SPE formation and tunability. Our method leverages widely available fabrication tools and provides critical insights into defect activation mechanisms, offering a scalable, reproducible path toward controllable quantum emitter synthesis. Beyond hBN, this approach opens the door to generating defect-based SPEs in other low-defect solid-state materials. The result is a practical and versatile platform for creating quantum light sources tailored for applications in communication, sensing, and computation.

PMID:41329897 | DOI:10.1021/acsami.5c16811

Health Aff (Millwood). 2025 Dec;44(12):1457-1465. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2025.00869.

ABSTRACT

The people most vulnerable to medical debt often face systemic barriers to health care that are further exacerbated by debt accumulation, creating a compounding effect leading to adverse health outcomes. This ecological panel study assessed associations among county-level medical debt and cancer screening, cancer mortality, and community-level health status. Medical debt data (from 2017, 2019, and 2021) from the Urban Institute Credit Bureau Panel were analyzed using generalized estimating equations with an exchangeable correlation structure and lagged exposure-outcome modeling. A total of 8,954 county-years were included. In multivariable analysis, each 5-percentage-point increase in medical debt was associated with a 0.43-percentage-point and a 1.35-percentage-point decrease in colorectal and breast cancer screening rates, respectively, and 10.9 per 100,000 population more deaths from cancers with guideline-recommended screening. Medical debt was consistently associated with worse health and cancer outcomes. Addressing this burden is important for improving population health and mitigating cancer-related disparities.

PMID:41329895 | DOI:10.1377/hlthaff.2025.00869

Health Aff (Millwood). 2025 Dec;44(12):1522-1529. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2025.00270.

ABSTRACT

This study examined state-level Medicaid hearing aid coverage for adults ages twenty-one and older across the United States. Using policy surveillance principles, we compiled a cross-sectional data set detailing hearing aid coverage policies from fifty states and Washington, D.C., as of December 31, 2023. We then merged these data with individual-level American Community Survey data to estimate national rates of Medicaid hearing aid coverage and identify how coverage varies according to demographic characteristics. We identified thirty-two states with Medicaid hearing aid coverage for adults, with substantial variability in policy features of that coverage. Approximately 70 percent of Medicaid beneficiaries ages twenty-one and older lived in a state with coverage. Women, working-age adults, and Black adults had slightly lower odds of coverage, whereas Hispanic and Latino and other or multiple race beneficiaries had higher odds of coverage. Expanding and standardizing Medicaid coverage of hearing aid benefits in line with best practices could improve access and utilization.

PMID:41329893 | DOI:10.1377/hlthaff.2025.00270