Tag: nevin manimala

Psychol Trauma. 2025 Oct;17(7):1548-1550. doi: 10.1037/tra0002013.

ABSTRACT

THE ISSUE: Criterion A, the event criterion in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, has been the subject of continuous debate over the years. The publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), has marked a significant change in the definition of potentially traumatic events. Most notably, secondary traumatization and indirect exposure are now an integral part of the PTSD diagnosis. However, the Manual includes one exclusion, noting that exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures should not be considered as potentially traumatic, unless it is work-related.

RECOMMENDATIONS: In this article, we wish to strongly challenge this exclusion, using the events of October 7, 2023, in Israel as a unique case example. The events of that day included the killing of more than a thousand civilians and the abduction of more than 250 civilians and soldiers. During these events, millions worldwide were exposed to horrific, uncensored footage of killings and kidnapping. These were broadcast on social media and other informal media outlets (e.g., Telegram), which during the war have become a major source of information. Due to the lack of formal censorship or regulation, the materials shown were often very graphic. This represents a radical shift from traditional forms of media, to which we believe the DSM-5 referred in the first place. We would like to strongly argue that such coverage has a significant traumatic potential, as we already witness in large parts of Israeli society today. We therefore argue for the removal of the Criterion A4 exclusion from the DSM-5. Implications for clinical work and media policy are also discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:40965950 | DOI:10.1037/tra0002013

Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2025 Sep 18. doi: 10.1037/pha0000791. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Despite awareness of polysubstance use-the co-use of multiple drugs-and its associated risks, there is a lack of research consensus on how to identify and classify individuals engaging in polysubstance use. Latent class analysis (LCA) and latent profile analysis (LPA) are data-driven approaches that may improve the identification and classification of polysubstance use. By clustering data using different indicators, LCA/LPA can extract subgroups of common drug use patterns within a sample. Variability in how LCA/LPA are conducted, however, can substantially impact how subgroups are extracted and have not been thoroughly reviewed. The present review was one of a two-part series preregistered on PROSPERO entitled, “A systematic review of studies using latent class analysis to examine patterns of polysubstance use in adults (Part 1) and adolescents (Part 2)” (CRD42022352293). The present review sourced relevant studies using LCA/LPA in the context of characterizing adult polysubstance use and identified factors influencing the number of latent classes extracted. Across several articles using LCA/LPA (n = 136), the current review found differences, for example, in the number of extracted classes based on study sample sizes (ρ = .275, p < .001) and the number of indicators used (r = .244, p = .004). The present review noted substantial heterogeneity in study methodologies, statistical analyses, and latent class solutions. For future research, the review suggests some methodological considerations including attention to sample sizes, study locations, and the number of indicators included in LCA/LPAs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:40965924 | DOI:10.1037/pha0000791

Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2025 Sep 18. doi: 10.1037/cdp0000775. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The Police and Law Enforcement (PLE) Scale assesses police-based discrimination and shows excellent psychometric properties among Black men. We posit that experiences with law enforcement vary at the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender and are linked to psychosocial outcomes.

METHOD: Replicate the factor structure of the PLE Scale in an independent sample of Black men (n = 198) and extend the measure by testing its psychometric comparability among Black women (n = 193), Latina women (n = 209), White women (n = 186), Latino men (n = 203), and White men (n = 198). We utilized a U.S.-based online sample (n = 1,187) of 18-26-year-olds. Measurement invariance tests were conducted; multigroup structural equation modeling examined the relationship between the PLE Scale and loneliness, access to environmental reward, depressive and anger rumination, and impulsive sexual behaviors.

RESULTS: The PLE Scale replicates among Black men, does not display adequate psychometric properties among White women, and necessitates partial measurement invariance models across other groups. After accounting for differential item functioning, Black and Latino men report the highest levels of police-based discrimination. Similarities and differences were observed in the association between higher police-based discrimination and more loneliness, depressive, and anger rumination. Access to environmental reward and sexual behaviors displayed measurement bias that precluded comparisons.

CONCLUSIONS: While this measure necessitates latent variable statistics to be applied across intersectional identities, it shows adequate psychometric properties to be useful in research among Black, Latino, and White men, Black women and Latina women (but not White women). Last, police-based discrimination appears to be particularly linked to rumination among men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:40965923 | DOI:10.1037/cdp0000775

JAMA Oncol. 2025 Sep 18. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.3266. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is associated with poor survival, and no new treatment strategies have changed clinical outcomes in past decades. This highlights the unmet need to understand the biology and develop more effective and tolerable treatment options.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding an immune checkpoint inhibitor to chemotherapy for advanced PSCC.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: HERCULES (LACOG 0218) was a phase 2 single-arm nonrandomized clinical trial evaluating pembrolizumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment in patients with advanced PSCC from August 2020 to December 2022. Patients were followed up for 24 months. Patients with metastatic, recurrent, or locally advanced disease not amenable to curative-intent therapy were included. Statistical analyses were performed between November 21, 2023, and January 25, 2024.

INTERVENTION: Fluorouracil, 1000 mg/m2 per day, intravenously for days 1 to 4; cisplatin, 70 mg/m2 (or carboplatin, area under the curve, 5) intravenously on day 1; and pembrolizumab, 200 mg, intravenously on day 1 every 3 weeks for 6 cycles, followed by pembrolizumab, 200 mg, intravenously every 3 weeks for up to 34 cycles.

MAIN OUTCOME: The primary end point was the overall response rate (ORR) assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1).

RESULTS: Overall, 37 patients were enrolled in 11 Brazilian centers and 33 patients were eligible for efficacy analysis. The median (range) age was 56 (30-76) years, 24 patients (64.9%) had metastatic disease, 8 (21.6%) had recurrent disease, and 5 (13.5%) had locally advanced disease. ORR was 39.4% (95% CI, 22.9%-57.9%). At median follow-up of 24.0 months (cut-off date January 24, 2024), median progression-free survival was 5.4 (95% CI, 2.7-7.2) months and median overall survival was 9.6 (95% CI, 6.4-13.2) months. Treatment-related adverse events (AE) rates of any grade and grades 3 to 4 were 91.9% and 51.4%. Immune-related AE rates of any grade were 21.6% and grade 3 to 4 were 5.4%. There were no treatment-related deaths.

CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: The HERCULES clinical trial is the first trial to demonstrate the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy in patients with advanced PSCC with a manageable safety profile.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04224740.

PMID:40965911 | DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.3266

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Sep 2;8(9):e2532469. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32469.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: COVID-19 remains a disease with high burden in the US, prompting continued debate about optimal targets for annual vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To project COVID-19 burden in the US for April 2024 to April 2025 under 6 scenarios of immune escape (20% and 50% per year) and levels of vaccine recommendation (no recommendation, vaccination for individuals at high risk only, vaccination for all eligible groups) and to assess the potential benefit of vaccine recommendations in reducing disease burden.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: For this decision analytical model, the US Scenario Modeling Hub, a collaborative modeling effort, convened 9 teams to provide scenario projections of US COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths for April 2024 to April 2025, under 6 scenarios combining levels of immune escape and possible vaccine recommendations.

EXPOSURE: Annually reformulated vaccines were assumed to be 75% effective against hospitalization for variants circulating on June 15, 2024, and available on September 1, 2024. Age- and state-specific coverage was assumed to be as reported in September 2023 to April 2024.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Ensemble estimates were made for weekly COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. Projections are presented for relative and absolute prevented hospitalizations and deaths averted due to vaccination over the April 2024 to April 2025 period.

RESULTS: For the US population (332 million, with an estimated 58 million aged ≥65 years), COVID-19 was expected to cause 814 000 (95% projection interval [PI], 400 000-1.2 million) hospitalizations and 54 000 (95% PI, 17 000-98 000) deaths for April 2024 to April 2025, comparable in magnitude to the prior year. Vaccination of high-risk groups only was projected to reduce hospitalizations (compared to no vaccination recommendation) by 76 000 (95% CI, 34 000-118 000) and deaths by 7000 (95% CI, 3000-11 000) across both immune escape scenarios. Compared with vaccinating high-risk groups only, a universal vaccine recommendation was projected to provide direct and indirect benefits, further preventing 11 000 hospitalizations and 1000 deaths in those aged 65 years and older.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this decision analytical modeling study of COVID-19 burden in the US in 2024 to 2025, ensemble projections suggested that although vaccinating high-risk groups had substantial benefits in reducing disease burden, maintaining the vaccine recommendation for all individuals had the potential to save thousands more lives. Despite divergence of projections from observed disease trends in 2024 to 2025-possibly driven by variant emergence patterns and immune escape-averted COVID-19 burden due to vaccination was robust across immune escape scenarios, emphasizing the substantial benefit of broader vaccine availability for all individuals.

PMID:40965885 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32469

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Sep 2;8(9):e2532494. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32494.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) is an effective treatment for gender dysphoria among transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. Research is needed to assess GAS history, factors associated with GAS satisfaction, desired yet unobtained GAS, and barriers and facilitators to GAS access for TGD individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To assess of the prevalence of GAS, surgical satisfaction, and encountered barriers among TGD adults and the factors associated with these outcomes.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study, conducted from October 2024 to June 2025, used baseline electronic survey data from TGD adult primary care patients enrolled in LEGACY, a longitudinal cohort study. Data were collected from February 2019 to March 2021.

EXPOSURES: Age, gender identity, race, Latine or Hispanic ethnicity, educational attainment, homelessness, income, health insurance, HIV status, gender marker change, gender-affirming hormone use, severe psychological distress, self-rated health, and participation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcomes were receipt of GAS, high surgical satisfaction, and encountered barriers to GAS (eg, waiting lists, cost). Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models, stratified by gender identity, were used to examine the association between the exposures and these outcomes.

RESULTS: The study cohort of 2176 patients were a mean (SD) age of 30.3 (10.3) years; 1413 (64.9%) identified as transmasculine (TM), 763 (35.1%) as transfeminine (TF), and 672 (30.9%) as nonbinary. A total of 634 patients (29.1%) identified as a member of a racial minority group and 237 (10.9%) as Latine or Hispanic. Overall, 946 patients (43.5%) had received GAS, and 776 of these patients (82.0%) reported high satisfaction. The most desired surgeries were hysterectomy (868 of 1413 [61.4%]) for TM patients and facial feminization (516 of 763 [67.6%]) for TF patients. Most patients (2054 [94.4%]) encountered a barrier to GAS, with the most common being cost (1455 [66.9%]). In multivariable models, younger age (eg, 18-24 years vs ≥40 years) was associated with lower odds of GAS (TM patients: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.19 [95% CI, 0.11-0.34]; TF patients: AOR, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.12-0.42]) and higher odds of encountering a barrier (TM patients: AOR, 3.16 [95% CI, 1.59-6.30]; TF patients: AOR, 9.39 [95% CI, 2.47-35.67]). Gender marker change (TM patients: AOR, 8.61 [95% CI, 6.19-11.98]; TF patients: AOR, 6.29 [95% CI, 4.01-9.87) and hormone use (TM patients: AOR, 4.71 [95% CI, 3.02-7.34]; TF patients: AOR, 7.69 [95% CI, 1.79-33.04]) were associated with greater odds of GAS; lack of insurance was associated with lower satisfaction (TM patients: AOR, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.13-0.76]; TF patients: AOR, 0.09 [95% CI, 0.02-0.49]).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cross-sectional study, TGD patients reported high GAS satisfaction but substantial unmet need and frequent barriers to care. Efforts appear to be needed to improve accessibility for TGD patients desiring GAS.

PMID:40965883 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32494

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Sep 2;8(9):e2532660. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32660.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are less likely than White non-Hispanic patients to receive guideline-recommended percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Research suggests disparities arise before and during STEMI treatment, but it is unclear when the largest disparities in PCI emerge.

OBJECTIVE: To assess when in the care process the largest disparities in PCI receipt occur in patients with STEMI presenting to an emergency department.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study evaluated adult patients with STEMI presenting to Florida hospitals from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2021. Data were analyzed from June 29, 2023, to May 29, 2025.

EXPOSURE: Patient race and ethnicity.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcomes were presentation to PCI-capable hospitals, receipt of PCI if initially presenting to PCI-capable hospitals, transfer if initially presenting to non-PCI capable hospitals, and receipt of PCI at receiving hospital if transferred. Logistic regression was used to compare outcomes for patients with STEMI by race and ethnicity, controlling for payer, age, sex, weekend presentation, time of presentation, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics.

RESULTS: Among 139 629 patients with STEMI included in the analysis, 68.81% were male. Mean (SD) age was 64.4 (13.0) years. A total of 9.09% identified as Black, 15.17% as Hispanic, 70.56% as White, and 5.17% as other or missing race. In adjusted analyses, Black (-1.8 [95% CI, -2.6 to 1.1] percentage points [pp]) and Hispanic (-3.1 [95% CI, -3.7 to -2.4] pp) patients were less likely than White patients to present to PCI-capable hospitals (P < .001 for both). Among patients initially presenting to PCI-capable hospitals, Black patients were less likely to receive PCI than White patients (-8.6 [95% CI, -9.5 to -7.7] pp; P < .001). Among patients initially presenting to non-PCI-capable hospitals, Black (-4.0 [95% CI, -6.4 to -1.5] pp; P = .001) and Hispanic (-4.2 [95% CI, -6.3 to -2.0] pp; P < .001) patients were less likely to be transferred than White patients. Among transferred patients, Black patients were less likely to undergo PCI at the receiving hospital than White patients (-13.3 [95% CI, -16.6 to -9.9] pp; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cross-sectional study examining racial and ethnic disparities in receipt of PCI for patients with STEMI, racial and ethnic disparities persisted throughout the care process. The largest magnitude of disparity was PCI receipt if transferred, but the disparity with the largest impact was PCI receipt when initially presenting to PCI-capable hospitals.

PMID:40965882 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32660

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Sep 2;8(9):e2532672. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32672.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: General practitioners (GPs) sometimes initiate a treatment despite not expecting it to improve patients’ symptoms by any physiological mechanism. These essentially placebo treatments are ethically controversial, and their frequency is unclear. They involve risks for patients, but to estimate these, more data are needed.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a more precise overview of the rate at which GPs prescribe essentially placebo treatments.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional survey study included currently practicing GPs from 20 European countries and Israel who responded to online questionnaires. The online questionnaires were taken between December 12, 2019, and August 4, 2021, and analyzed on April 28, 2022. Respondents were contacted by national representatives, either through personal networks (convenience sampling) or an existing database (volunteer sampling).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was the rate of essentially placebo prescriptions, given as the rate per week and the proportion of consultations. Secondary outcomes were the associations between this rate and GP background characteristics (gender, age, education about placebos, years of experience, patients seen, and working hours per week).

RESULTS: A total of 952 practicing GPs responded (453 of 745 [61%] female; mean [SD] age of 48.02 [11.95] years), and 669 answered all questions. Overall, 689 of 818 respondents (84%) indicated they had prescribed an essentially placebo treatment at least once. Overall, the median (IQR) rate of essentially placebo prescriptions was 0.5 (0.1 to 2.0) per week or 0.67% (0.06% to 2.50%) of consultations. The prescription rate was higher in men (β = 1.94 [95% CI, 0.58 to 3.29]; P = .005), those with more work experience (β = 0.12 [95% CI, 0.06 to 0.18]; P < .001), and those who work fewer hours per week (β = -0.08 [95% CI, -0.13 to -0.03]; P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this survey study of GPs across 21 countries, essentially placebo prescriptions featured in a small minority of consultations, but they nevertheless occurred regularly for most GPs. Rates varied only slightly by GP background characteristics. This suggests that essentially placebo prescriptions were common at a population level, which poses risks for the patient-GP relationship and creates medical risks for patients. Future research should further investigate the decision-making process behind these prescriptions and their effects on patients.

PMID:40965881 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32672

JAMA Oncol. 2025 Sep 18. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.3377. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: The oral microbiota may be involved in the development of pancreatic cancer, yet current evidence is largely limited to bacterial 16S amplicon sequencing and small retrospective case-control studies.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the oral bacterial and fungal microbiome is associated with the subsequent development of pancreatic cancer.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study used data from 2 epidemiological cohorts: the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Among cohort participants who provided oral samples, those who prospectively developed pancreatic cancer were identified during follow-up. Control participants who remained free of cancer were selected by 1:1 frequency matching on cohort, 5-year age band, sex, race and ethnicity, and time since oral sample collection. Data were collected from August 2023 to September 2024, and data were analyzed from August 2023 to January 2025.

EXPOSURES: The oral bacterial and fungal microbiome were characterized via whole-genome shotgun sequencing and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, respectively. The association of periodontal pathogens of the red complex (Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia) and orange complex (Fusobacterium nucleatum, F periodonticum, Prevotella intermedia, P nigrescens, Parvimonas micra, Eubacterium nodatum, Campylobacter shower, and C gracilis) with pancreatic cancer was tested via logistic regression. The association of the microbiome-wide bacterial and fungal taxa with pancreatic cancer was assessed by Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes With Bias Correction 2 (ANCOM-BC2). Microbial risk scores (MRS) for pancreatic cancer were calculated from the risk-associated bacterial and fungal species.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Pancreatic cancer incidence.

RESULTS: Of 122 000 cohort participants who provided samples, 445 developed pancreatic cancer over a median (IQR) follow-up of 8.8 (4.9-13.4) years and were matched with 445 controls. Of these 890 participants, 474 (53.3%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 67.2 (7.5) years. Three oral bacterial periodontal pathogens-P gingivalis, E nodatum, and P micra-were associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer. A bacteriome-wide scan revealed 8 oral bacteria associated with decreased and 13 oral bacteria associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer (false discovery rate-adjusted Q statistic less than .05). Of the fungi, genus Candida was associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer. The MRS, based on 27 oral species, was associated with an increase in pancreatic cancer risk (multivariate odds ratio per 1-SD increase in MRS, 3.44; 95% CI, 2.63-4.51).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, oral bacteria and fungi were significant risk factors for pancreatic cancer development. Oral microbiota hold promise as biomarkers to identify individuals at high risk of pancreatic cancer, potentially contributing to personalized prevention.

PMID:40965868 | DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.3377

JAMA Ophthalmol. 2025 Sep 18. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.3070. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Metformin has demonstrated protective effects in systemic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and choroidal neovascularization. Literature suggests metformin may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but a consensus has not been reached.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of metformin with the development of any AMD and progression to geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD using a large electronic health record (EHR) platform.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study had 2 exposed cohorts of participants aged 65 years or older who were prescribed metformin: one without AMD to assess development of any AMD and the other with mild or moderate nonexudative AMD to evaluate AMD progression to geographic atrophy or neovascular AMD. Corresponding nonexposed cohorts consisted of participants not prescribed metformin. Participants were required to meet inclusion criteria at least 6 months before the outcome of interest occurred. Those who had outcomes of interest before meeting inclusion criteria were excluded from analysis. This cohort study used a federated health research platform aggregating deidentified EHR data from 70 institutions (TriNetX). Data were collected from January 2013 to June 2025 and analyzed from September 2024 to June 2025.

EXPOSURES: Participants prescribed metformin.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Propensity score matching controlled for confounders, such as age, sex, race, hypertension, diabetes, and other systemic conditions. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated to compare outcomes at 5 years, 10 years, and any time after meeting criteria. Any confidence intervals that crossed 0.90 to 1.10 were considered statistically not significant. Comparisons between exposed and unexposed groups were repeated requiring a diagnosis of cataract.

RESULTS: Before propensity score matching, cohort 1 (no AMD) included 297 008 participants exposed to metformin (mean [SD] age, 74.9 [7.0] years; 157 584 [53.1%] female) and 1 269 644 participants unexposed to metformin (mean [SD] age, 76.8 [7.9] years; 738 640 [58.2%] female). Before propensity score matching in cohort 2 (early or intermediate nonexudative AMD), there were 12 843 participants exposed to metformin (mean [SD] age, 79.5 [7.2] years; 7107 [55.3%] female) and 77 279 participants unexposed to metformin (mean [SD] age, 81.6 [7.2] years; 48 491 [62.7%] female). After propensity score matching, participants prescribed metformin had comparable risk of developing any AMD relative to those not prescribed metformin (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.94). When stratified by time, the risk remained similar at 5 years (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99) and 10 years (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94). Similarly, participants prescribed vs not prescribed metformin had a comparable risk of AMD progression over these time spans (RR for geographic atrophy, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76-1.01; RR for neovascular AMD, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.91-1.17).

CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: This study suggests that, overall, metformin is not associated with significant development or progression of AMD. Further studies and prospective analyses are necessary to evaluate whether dosage and longevity of metformin use are associated with AMD development or progression.

PMID:40965862 | DOI:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.3070