Tag: nevin manimala

Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2023 May 15;381(2247):20220143. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0143. Epub 2023 Mar 27.

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we start by reviewing exchangeability and its relevance to the Bayesian approach. We highlight the predictive nature of Bayesian models and the symmetry assumptions implied by beliefs of an underlying exchangeable sequence of observations. By taking a closer look at the Bayesian bootstrap, the parametric bootstrap of Efron and a version of Bayesian thinking about inference uncovered by Doob based on martingales, we introduce a parametric Bayesian bootstrap. Martingales play a fundamental role. Illustrations are presented as is the relevant theory. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bayesian inference: challenges, perspectives, and prospects’.

PMID:36970832 | DOI:10.1098/rsta.2022.0143

Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2023 May 15;381(2247):20220144. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0144. Epub 2023 Mar 27.

ABSTRACT

I discuss the benefits of looking through the ‘Bayesian lens’ (seeking a Bayesian interpretation of ostensibly non-Bayesian methods), and the dangers of wearing ‘Bayesian blinkers’ (eschewing non-Bayesian methods as a matter of philosophical principle). I hope that the ideas may be useful to scientists trying to understand widely used statistical methods (including confidence intervals and [Formula: see text]-values), as well as teachers of statistics and practitioners who wish to avoid the mistake of overemphasizing philosophy at the expense of practical matters. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bayesian inference: challenges, perspectives, and prospects’.

PMID:36970830 | DOI:10.1098/rsta.2022.0144

Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2023 May 15;381(2247):20220155. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0155. Epub 2023 Mar 27.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:36970829 | DOI:10.1098/rsta.2022.0155

Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2023 May 15;381(2247):20220142. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0142. Epub 2023 Mar 27.

ABSTRACT

Prediction has a central role in the foundations of Bayesian statistics and is now the main focus in many areas of machine learning, in contrast to the more classical focus on inference. We discuss that, in the basic setting of random sampling-that is, in the Bayesian approach, exchangeability-uncertainty expressed by the posterior distribution and credible intervals can indeed be understood in terms of prediction. The posterior law on the unknown distribution is centred on the predictive distribution and we prove that it is marginally asymptotically Gaussian with variance depending on the predictive updates, i.e. on how the predictive rule incorporates information as new observations become available. This allows to obtain asymptotic credible intervals only based on the predictive rule (without having to specify the model and the prior law), sheds light on frequentist coverage as related to the predictive learning rule, and, we believe, opens a new perspective towards a notion of predictive efficiency that seems to call for further research. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bayesian inference: challenges, perspectives, and prospects’.

PMID:36970827 | DOI:10.1098/rsta.2022.0142

Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2023 Mar 24. doi: 10.2174/1871530323666230324104737. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: This study aims to examine the associations between various non-insulin-based insulin resistance (nIIR) indices and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in young adults.

BACKGROUND: nIIR indices, e.g., serum triglycerides (TG) have been reported with an association with cIMT in middle- and old-aged adults.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the associations of various well-known nIIR indices reported before with cIMT in young adults.

METHODS: A total of 1,822 young adults free of diabetes in Taiwan were included in 2018-2020. nIIR indices were assessed by TG concentrations, the TyG index, defined as Ln (TG *fasting glucose/2), the TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, defined as TG divided by HDL-C, and the metabolic score for IR (METS-IR), defined as Ln[(2*fasting glucose)+TG) * body mass index (BMI)/(Ln(HDL-C))]. Multivariable linear regression analyses with adjustments for age, sex, anthropometrics, smoking, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and total cholesterol were used to determine the associations. For TG only, HDL-C and fasting glucose were additionally adjusted.

RESULTS: In the overall participants, there was an association between cIMT and TG (β: 0.057, p =0.04). In subgroup analyses, cIMT was associated with TG (β: 0.127, p =0.004), the TyG index (β: 0.119, p =0.01), and TG/HDL-C (β: 0.081, p =0.03) in the overweight /obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), while not in the normal weight individuals. However, cIMT was correlated with TG (β: 0.086, p =0.01) and TG/HDL-C (β: 0.077, p =0.01) in those without hyperuricemia, while not in those with hyperuricemia. No association between the METS-IR and cIMT in any young adult subgroups was observed.

CONCLUSION: This study highlights that some nIIR indices could be used to assess cIMT in young adults, particularly for those with obesity and those without hyperuricemia. The TG-based indices instead of the novel marker, METS-IR, are suggestive as stronger predictors of greater cIMT in young adults.

PMID:36967464 | DOI:10.2174/1871530323666230324104737

J Orthop Surg Res. 2023 Mar 27;18(1):245. doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03725-5.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) is commonly performed for the treatment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and is classified into proximal tibial tubercle osteotomy (PTO) and distal tibial tubercle osteotomy (DTO). The PTO osteotomy point is generally located about 3-4 cm below the joint of the proximal tibia, and the osteotomy line points to the upper part of the proximal tibiofibular joint. The DTO osteotomy point is generally located about 0.5-1.0 cm below the tibial tubercle, and the osteotomy line points to the contralateral cortex. However, there is currently no consensus on which surgical technique is superior. The purpose of our study was to investigate which among the two is superior for medial KOA, with respect to knee joint parameters, clinical function, and complications.

METHODS: This study was conducted as per the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The Cochrane Central Library, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang databases were systematically searched for trials comparing PTO and DTO in patients with medial compartment KOA, from inception until March 2022. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.2 software. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess methodological quality. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata 12.0. Outcomes of interest included the Insall-Salvati index (ISI), Caton-Deschamps index (CDI), Blackburne-Peel index (BPI), posterior tibial slope (PTS), and the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee-rating scale.

RESULTS: A total of 15 retrospective studies (910 knees) were included. There were no significant differences in the age or sex of included patients. There was a significant difference in the ISI, CDI, BPI, and PTS between the two groups (all p ≤ 0.05). Further, DTO was associated with a significantly greater number of postoperative complications (p < 0.05) compared to PTO. However, there was no significant difference in the femorotibial angle (FTA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), and HSS knee score (all p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Compared with DTO, PTO is associated with a greater incidence of postoperative patella baja and increased PTS, whereas DTO is associated with more postoperative complications. Nevertheless, both can significantly correct knee varus deformity and improve knee function; their early knee function scores are also similar.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) registration number CRD42021284443.

PMID:36967435 | DOI:10.1186/s13018-023-03725-5

World J Surg Oncol. 2023 Mar 27;21(1):104. doi: 10.1186/s12957-023-02994-y.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of studies focusing on the benefit of liver transplantation (LT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with > 3 tumors. This study aims to establish a model to effectively predict overall survival in Chinese HCC patients with multiple tumors (> 3 tumors) who undergo LT.

METHODS: This retrospective study included 434 HCC liver transplant recipients from the China Liver Transplant Registry. All HCC patients had more than 3 tumor nodules. Three selection criteria systems (i.e., AFP, Metroticket 2.0, and Up-to-7) were compared regarding the prediction of HCC recurrence. The modified AFP model was established by univariate and multivariate competing risk analyses.

RESULTS: The AFP score 2 and the AFP score ≥ 3 groups had 5-year recurrence rates of 19.6% and 40.5% in our cohort. The prediction of HCC recurrence based on the AFP model was associated with a c-statistic of 0.606, which was superior to the Up-to-7 and Metroticket 2.0 models. AFP level > 1000 ng/mL, largest tumor size ≥ 8 cm, vascular invasion, and MELD score ≥ 15 were associated with overall survival. The 5-year survival rate in the modified AFP score 0 group was 71.7%.

CONCLUSIONS: The AFP model is superior in predicting tumor recurrence in HCC patients with > 3 tumors prior to LT. With the modified AFP model, patients likely to derive sufficient benefit from LT can be identified.

PMID:36967432 | DOI:10.1186/s12957-023-02994-y

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Mar 27. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26447-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

It is absolutely necessary to extract the photovoltaic (PV) model parameters to anticipate the energy production of PV systems accurately. In the literature, many studies have analyzed and discussed various strategies for handling the parameter computation of the PV model. However, very few studies have been conducted to formulate the fitness function, and no studies have been presented on the methodologies to solve the nonlinear, multivariable, and complicated PV models based on empirical data. As a result, the key objective is to investigate the traditional methods for solving the equations of PV models. An improved variant of the Mountain Gazelle Optimizer (MGO) called Augmented Mountain Gazelle Optimizer (AMGO_IB3H) is proposed to guarantee MGO convergence based on an improved Berndt-Hall-Hall-Hausman method. This AMGO_IB3H highlights key advancements in the literature regarding improving the exploration and exploitation phases of MGO and the design of objective functions. Finally, a hybrid method has been established for effectively identifying unknown parameters of the three-diode PV model. This method uses actual measured laboratory data gathered under various environmental conditions. The simulation results show that the AMGO_IB3H reduces errors to zero under various statistical standards and environmental variables. In addition, the AMGO_IB3H outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithm in the research literature regarding reliability, accuracy, and convergence rate with a reasonable processing time.

PMID:36967429 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-26447-x

Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2023 Mar 26. doi: 10.1007/s00280-023-04522-x. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:36967405 | DOI:10.1007/s00280-023-04522-x

Environ Health. 2023 Mar 27;22(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to air pollution and noise is detrimental to health; but studies that evaluated both remain limited. This study explores associations with natural and cause-specific mortality for a range of air pollutants and transportation noise.

METHODS: Over 4 million adults in Switzerland were followed from 2000 to 2014. Exposure to PM_2.5, PM_2.5 components (Cu, Fe, S and Zn), NO₂, black carbon (BC) and ozone (O₃) from European models, and transportation noise from source-specific Swiss models, were assigned at baseline home addresses. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for individual and area-level covariates, were used to evaluate associations with each exposure and death from natural, cardiovascular (CVD) or non-malignant respiratory disease. Analyses included single and two exposure models, and subset analysis to study lower exposure ranges.

RESULTS: During follow-up, 661,534 individuals died of natural causes (36.6% CVD, 6.6% respiratory). All exposures including the PM_2.5 components were associated with natural mortality, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.026 (1.015, 1.038) per 5 µg/m³ PM_2.5, 1.050 (1.041, 1.059) per 10 µg/m³ NO₂, 1.057 (1.048, 1.067) per 0.5 × 10^-5/m BC and 1.045 (1.040, 1.049) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise. NO₂, BC, Cu, Fe and noise were consistently associated with CVD and respiratory mortality, whereas PM_2.5 was only associated with CVD mortality. Natural mortality associations persisted < 20 µg/m³ for PM_2.5 and NO₂, < 1.5 10^-5/m BC and < 53 dB Lden total transportation noise. The O₃ association was inverse for all outcomes. Including noise attenuated all outcome associations, though many remained significant. Across outcomes, noise was robust to adjustment to air pollutants (e.g. natural mortality 1.037 (1.033, 1.042) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise, after including BC).

CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to air pollution and transportation noise in Switzerland contribute to premature mortality. Considering co-exposures revealed the importance of local traffic-related pollutants such as NO₂, BC and transportation noise.

PMID:36967400 | DOI:10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y