Tag: nevin manimala

Anal Chem. 2022 Sep 9. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02833. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The refractive index (RI) is a fundamental physical property of materials. Although measurement of the RI of biological nanoparticles (BNPs) in aqueous media is of great importance to basic research and biomedical applications, it is hampered by their tiny size, large intrinsic heterogeneity, and weak scattering. Here, we report the development of a label-free technique that can determine the RI of individual viruses and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with high precision and an analysis rate up to 10 000 particles per minute. This was achieved via the combination of high-sensitivity light-scattering detection by nanoflow cytometry (nFCM) and the Mie theory calculation. With the measured RIs for T7 virions, T7 capsids, and sEVs, the concentrations of nucleic acid in viral particles and protein in the lumen of sEVs were estimated. Furthermore, building upon a simplified core-shell model, the RIs of sEVs ranging from 40 to 200 nm were obtained. By using these RIs, a statistically robust size distribution of sEVs was acquired in minutes with accuracy and resolution matched closely with those of cryo-TEM measurements. Our approach could become an important tool in the RI determination of single BNPs.

PMID:36084271 | DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02833

J Am Coll Health. 2022 Sep 9:1-9. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2119404. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study describes beliefs held by college students about cannabis use and examines the association between three specific cannabis beliefs and likelihood of use. Participants: 3,720 undergraduate students ages 18 to 25 attending ten colleges in one state. Methods: Data were gathered via online survey. Results: The majority (80%) of the sample was unsure or believed that cannabis was an effective way to reduce stress; 67% were unsure or believed that cannabis was not related to an increased risk for mental health problems; and 62% were unsure or believed that students who use cannabis are not more academically disengaged. Holding these beliefs, which are not supported by scientific evidence, was associated with a greater likelihood of cannabis use, even after statistically adjusting for covariates. Conclusions: These findings suggest that beliefs unsupported by scientific evidence are widespread among college students. Dispelling misinformation about cannabis might hold promise for reducing use.

PMID:36084270 | DOI:10.1080/07448481.2022.2119404

Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2022 Sep 9. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0624-OA. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT.—: The use of low-titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) in military and civilian trauma centers shows no significant difference in outcomes compared with component therapy.

OBJECTIVE.—: To compare the use of LTOWB with standard component therapy in nontrauma patients requiring massive transfusion at a major academic medical center.

DESIGN.—: This is a retrospective cohort study comparing nontrauma patients who received at least 1 unit of cold-stored LTOWB during a massive transfusion with those who received only blood component therapy during a massive transfusion. Primary outcomes are mortality at 24 hours and 30 days. Secondary outcomes are degree of hemolysis, length of inpatient hospital stay, and time to delivery of blood products.

RESULTS.—: One hundred twenty massive transfusion activations using 1570 blood products from 103 admissions were identified during the study period. Fifty-five admissions were included in the component cohort and 48 in the LTOWB cohort. There were no significant differences in primary outcomes: 24-hour mortality odds ratio, 2.12 (P = .14); 30-day mortality odds ratio, 1.10 (P = .83). Length of stay was found to be statistically significantly different and was 1.58 days shorter in the LTOWB cohort compared with the component cohort (95% CI, 1.44-1.73; P < .001). There were no significant differences in the remaining secondary outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS.—: LTOWB therapy appears no worse than using standard component therapy in nontrauma patients requiring a massive transfusion activation, suggesting that LTOWB is a reasonable alternative to component therapy in nontrauma, civilian hospital patients, even when blood type is known.

PMID:36084250 | DOI:10.5858/arpa.2021-0624-OA

J Orthop Trauma. 2022 Sep 6. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000002487. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Despite the use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, postoperative infection following fracture surgery remains an issue. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of locally applied antibiotics on deep infection in fracture surgery in both open and closed fractures.

DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search of Medline, EMBASE, and PubMed was performed from date of inception to April 15th, 2021 and included studies in all languages.

STUDY SELECTION: Cohort studies were eligible if they investigated the effect on infection rate of local antibiotic prophylaxis on deep infection following fracture surgery.

DATA EXTRACTION: The study was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and reported as per the PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed using Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials and the MINORS tool where applicable.

DATA SYNTHESIS: An inverse-variance random-effects model was the primary analysis model because of the anticipated diversity in the evaluated populations. Univariate models were employed when a single outcome was of interest.

CONCLUSIONS: The risk of deep infection was significantly reduced when local antibiotics were applied compared with the control group receiving systemic prophylaxis only. This beneficial effect was observed in open fractures but failed to reach statistical significance in closed fractures. This meta-analysis suggests there may be a significant risk reduction in deep infection rate following fracture surgery when local antibiotics are added to standard systemic prophylaxis, particularly in open fractures. Further high-powered Level I studies are needed to support these findings.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID:36084224 | DOI:10.1097/BOT.0000000000002487

Neurosurgery. 2022 Sep 2. doi: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002117. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) represents an effective treatment for severe Parkinson’s disease (PD), but little is known about the long-term benefit.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the survival rate and long-term outcome of DBS.

METHODS: We investigated all 81 patients including 37 males and 44 females who underwent bilateral STN DBS from March 2005 to March 2008 at a single institution. The current survival status of the patients was investigated. Preoperative and postoperative follow-up assessments were analyzed.

RESULTS: The mean age at the time of surgery was 62 (range 27-82) years, and the median clinical follow-up duration was 145 months. Thirty-five patients (43%) died during the follow-up period. The mean duration from DBS surgery to death was 110.46 ± 40.8 (range 0-155) months. The cumulative survival rate is as follows: 98.8 ± 1.2% (1 year), 95.1 ± 2.4% (5 years), and 79.0 ± 4.5% (10 years). Of the 81 patients, 33 (40%) were ambulatory up to more than 11 years. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score was significantly improved until 5 years after surgery although it showed a tendency to increase again after 10 years. The patient group with both electrodes located within the STN showed a higher rate of survival and maintained ambulation.

CONCLUSION: STN DBS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with advanced PD. This study based on the long-term follow-up of large patient populations can be used to elucidate the long-term fate of patients who underwent bilateral STN DBS for PD.

PMID:36084204 | DOI:10.1227/neu.0000000000002117

Lasers Surg Med. 2022 Oct;54(8):1051-1059. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23594.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Conventional high fluence Q-switched (HFQS) Alexandrite 755-nm are widely used in clinical café-au-lait macules (CALMs) treatment. There have been recent concerns regarding the efficacy and safety of low fluence Q-switched (LFQS) Nd: YAG 1064-nm lasers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the conventional HFQS and LFQS laser in the treatment of CALMs.

METHODS: Within 3 months, 20 patients underwent prospective self-controlled split-lesion treatments with HFQS once or twice depending on the recovery rate, and with LFQS six times biweekly. Then the more effective laser was selected for continued treatments. Efficacy outcomes were evaluated by a visual analog scale (VAS) biweekly during the comparative trail. Recovery process, side effects and recurrence were recorded during the trial and follow-up visit. Patient and physician preferences for laser selection were also recorded.

RESULTS: The average VAS scores of areas treated with HFQS and LFQS were 2.92 ± 0.86 and 2.93 ± 1.13, respectively (p > 0.05). The most significant efficacy change of LFQS was after the fourth laser treatment (VAS score: 1.82-2.37, p < 0.001). 11 lesions treated with LFQS and 7 with HFQS achieved an optimal treatment response (3.67 ≤ VAS ≤ 4). Three patients relapsed on one side (one on LFQS, two on HFQS) and five on both sides. Adverse effects included temporary hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, uneven pigmentation, and mottled hypopigmentation. Doctors thought 80% of patients were suitable for LFQS. 70% of patients preferred LFQS posttreatment.

CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy difference between the LFQS 1064-nm laser and HFQS 755-nm laser in treating CALMs in a 3-month comparative trial was statistically insignificant. LFQS is preferred by doctors and patients and is likely to help more patients achieve treatment efficacy than the HFQS within a short time, with fewer temporary adverse reactions, and a more even pigmentation. But it can cause mottled hypopigmentation. The LFQS had obvious lesion clearance after the fourth treatment.

PMID:36084202 | DOI:10.1002/lsm.23594

J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022 Sep 8. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003095. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a population-based analysis and compare life expectancy between people with HIV and the general population in New York City (NYC).

METHODS: We obtained the annual total number and age, sex, and race/ethnicity distributions of people with HIV from the NYC HIV registry and generated comparable numbers for the NYC general population from the Census 2000 and 2010 data using linear interpolation.

RESULTS: Life expectancy at age 20 among people with HIV increased from 38.5 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.4, 39.5) in 2009 to 50.6 (95% CI: 48.5, 52.7) in 2018, while it increased from 62.0 years (95% CI: 61.8, 62.1) to 63.6 (95% CI: 63.5, 63.7) among the NYC general population. The gap between the two populations narrowed from 23.5 years (95% CI: 22.4, 24.6) in 2009 to 13.0 (955 CI: 10.9, 15.1) in 2018. By sex and race/ethnicity, life expectancy at age 20 among people with HIV increased from 36.7 years in 2009 to 47.9 in 2018 among Black males; 37.5 to 50.5 years among Black females; 38.6 to 48.9 years among Hispanic males; 46.0 to 51.0 years among Hispanic females; 44.7 to 59.7 years among White males; and 38.0 years in 2009-2013 to 50.4 years in 2014-2018 among White females.

CONCLUSIONS: Life expectancy among people with HIV improved greatly in NYC in 2009-2018, but the improvement was not equal across sex and racial/ethnic groups. The gap in life expectancy between people with HIV and the general population narrowed but remained.

PMID:36084201 | DOI:10.1097/QAI.0000000000003095

J Addict Med. 2022 Sep 8. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000001054. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the occurrence rate of psychiatric disorders comorbid with gambling disorder, and their clinical significance in the severity of gambling disorder using a retrospective cross-sectional design.

METHODS: The medical records of 359 patients (men/women, 326/33; median age, 37.0 years) with gambling disorder as the primary disorder from 12 treatment facilities specializing in addiction (9 clinics and 3 hospitals) in Japan were studied. We investigated patients’ comorbid psychiatric disorders, demographic and clinical characteristics, and the severity of gambling disorder based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition.

RESULTS: Of all patients, 58.3% had comorbidities (tobacco use disorder, 20.9%; alcohol use disorder, 13.9%; major depressive disorder, 13.1%; behavioral addictions, 13.1%; attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, 6.1%; etc.). Statistical analysis indicated that as the number of comorbid psychiatric disorders increased, psychosocial problems also increased (e.g., proportion of adverse childhood experiences [P < 0.001], and history of suicide attempts [P = 0.009]). In the multivariable analysis, behavioral addictions (β = 0.666; t = 3.151) were significantly associated with gambling disorder severity. Specifically, individuals with gambling disorder comorbid with behavioral addictions including kleptomania, excessive buying, and excessive sex-related behavior may present more severe gambling problems than those without behavioral addictions.

CONCLUSIONS: Patients with gambling disorder should be carefully assessed for psychiatric comorbidities and interventions should reflect the individual diagnosis.

PMID:36084180 | DOI:10.1097/ADM.0000000000001054

Neurosurgery. 2022 Aug 22. doi: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002099. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Moya Moya disease (MMD) and Moya Moya syndrome (MMS) are cerebrovascular disorders, which affect the internal carotid arteries (ICAs). Diagnosis and surveillance of MMD/MMS in children mostly rely on qualitative evaluation of vascular imaging, especially MR angiography (MRA).

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively characterize arterial differences in pediatric patients with MMD/MMS compared with normal controls.

METHODS: MRA data sets from 17 presurgery MMD/MMS (10M/7F, mean age = 10.0 years) patients were retrospectively collected and compared with MRA data sets of 98 children with normal vessel morphology (49 male patients; mean age = 10.6 years). Using a level set segmentation method with anisotropic energy weights, the cerebral arteries were automatically extracted and used to compute the radius of the ICA, middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and basilar artery (BA). Moreover, the density and the average radius of all arteries in the MCA, ACA, and PCA flow territories were quantified.

RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed significant differences comparing children with MMD/MMS and those with normal vasculature (P < .001), whereas post hoc analyses identified significantly smaller radii of the ICA, MCA-M1, MCA-M2, and ACA (P < .001) in the MMD/MMS group. No significant differences were found for the radii of the PCA and BA or any artery density and average artery radius measurement in the flow territories (P > .05).

CONCLUSION: His study describes the results of an automatic approach for quantitative characterization of the cerebrovascular system in patients with MMD/MMS with promising preliminary results for quantitative surveillance in pediatric MMD/MMS management.

PMID:36084178 | DOI:10.1227/neu.0000000000002099

Neurosurgery. 2022 Aug 22. doi: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002079. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) facilitates electrical sampling and evaluation of complex deep-seated, dispersed, and multifocal locations. Granger causality (GC), previously used to study seizure networks using interictal data from subdural grids, may help identify the seizure-onset zone from interictal sEEG recordings.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether statistical analysis of interictal sEEG helps identify surgical target sites and whether surgical resection of highly ranked nodes correspond to favorable outcomes.

METHODS: Ten minutes of extraoperative recordings from sequential patients who underwent sEEG evaluation were analyzed (n = 20). GC maps were compared with clinically defined surgical targets using rank order statistics. Outcomes of patients with focal resection/ablation with median follow-up of 3.6 years were classified as favorable (Engel 1, 2) or poor (Engel 3, 4) to assess their relationship with the removal of highly ranked nodes using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

RESULTS: In 12 of 20 cases, the rankings of contacts (based on the sum of outward connection weights) mapped to the seizure-onset zone showed higher causal node connectivity than predicted by chance (P ≤ .02). A very low aggregate probability (P < 10-18, n = 20) suggests that causal node connectivity predicts seizure networks. In 8 of 16 with outcome data, causal connectivity in the resection was significantly greater than in the remaining contacts (P ≤ .05). We found a significant association between favorable outcome and the presence of highly ranked nodes in the resection (P < .05).

CONCLUSION: Granger analysis can identify seizure foci from interictal sEEG and correlates highly ranked nodes with favorable outcome, potentially informing surgical decision-making without reliance on ictal recordings.

PMID:36084171 | DOI:10.1227/neu.0000000000002079