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Nevin Manimala Statistics

Utilizing a Multidimensional Health Literacy Framework to Assess Cervical Cancer Screening Nonadherence

Health Educ Behav. 2021 Apr 8:10901981211001851. doi: 10.1177/10901981211001851. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Health literacy is an amenable factor that can improve screening uptake. However, associations between the multidimensional health literacy domains and cervical cancer screening nonadherence are not known and should be considered to improve screening rates. The current quantitative study assessed the associations of multiple health literacy domains with cervical cancer screening nonadherence. Women aged 30 to 65 years without a hysterectomy were surveyed online (N = 812). Assessing, understanding, and appraising measures from the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire were adapted for cervical cancer screening. The outcome variable measured the application of cervical cancer information regarding adherence to the 2012 cervical cancer screening guidelines (yes/no). Adjusted logistic regression odds ratios (aORs) estimated nonadherence. Most of the women were non-Hispanic (81.4%) or White (68.1%), and aged 30 to 39 years (40%). The majority of the women (71%) were adherent to screening recommendations. The model with all domains of health literacy had the best model fit statistics compared with other models with different health literacy components. Older age and lack of insurance were statistically significant for screening nonadherence. Difficulty understanding health information (aOR = 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.80, 5.51]) and less worry about cervical cancer (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI [1.03, 2.94]) were associated with higher odds of nonadherence. Higher cervical cancer knowledge (aOR = 0.93; 95% CI [0.87, 0.98]) and Hispanic ethnicity (aOR = 0.36; 95% CI [0.21, 0.61)] were associated with lower odds of nonadherence. Incorporating a multidimensional health literacy framework may better inform the need to develop easily understood interventions that address cervical cancer perceived vulnerability and acknowledge systemic sociodemographic influences on screening perceptions.

PMID:33829878 | DOI:10.1177/10901981211001851

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

Cardiac interoception: A novel signal detection approach and relations to somatic symptom distress

Psychol Assess. 2021 Apr 8. doi: 10.1037/pas0001012. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Interoception is essential for the maintenance of physical and mental health. Paradigms assessing cardioceptive accuracy do not separate sensitivity from bias or are very demanding. We present the piloting (study 1; N = 60) and psychometric evaluation and validation (study 2; N = 84) of a novel task for the assessment of cardiac interoceptive perception following the principles of signal detection theory. By disentangling sensitivity and response bias, we demonstrate that the previously used interoceptive accuracy score of the heartbeat mental tracking task represents an amalgam of sensitivity and response bias. The new task demonstrated adequate test-retest reliabilities for sensitivity (d‘) and response bias (c). Sensitivity was inversely related (β = -.36) to somatic symptom distress after statistically controlling for response bias. The novel cardiovascular signal detection task is easy to implement, feasible, and promising in terms of unraveling the role of (cardiac) interoceptive perception in psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:33829843 | DOI:10.1037/pas0001012

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

Subjective age from childhood to advanced old age: A meta-analysis

Psychol Aging. 2021 Apr 8. doi: 10.1037/pag0000600. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The present meta-analysis analyzed how the gap between subjective age and chronological age changes across the life-span and whether the size of this gap varies across regions of the globe. In addition, we tested for sources of the national differences. A systematic search in electronic databases (PsycInfo, Medline, Google Scholar, PSYNDEX) and cross-referencing identified 294 studies (with mean age ranging from 8 to 105 years) that were included in random-effects meta-analyses. While children felt about 3 years or 34% older than their chronological age, older adults (60+ years) felt, on average, between 10.74 and 21.07 years or 13%-18% younger. Associations between chronological age and the size of proportional differences between subjective and chronological were best described as a quadratic relationship, while associations with the size of absolute differences could also be described as a linear relationship. The widening of the gap between subjective age and chronological age across adulthood was found in all continents. Although adults reported a relatively younger subjective age across the globe, these differences were strongest in North America, Western Europe, and Australia/Oceania, and weakest in Africa. The regional differences disappeared after statistically controlling for national levels of individualism-collectivism, power distance, preference for young people rather than older adults, and quality of life of older people. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:33829847 | DOI:10.1037/pag0000600

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

A comprehensive characterization of ecological and epidemiological factors driving perennation of Podosphaera macularis chasmothecia on hop (Humulus lupulus)

Phytopathology. 2021 Apr 8. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-11-20-0492-R. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Hop powdery mildew, caused by the ascomycete fungus Podosphaera macularis is a consistent threat to sustainable hop production. The pathogen utilizes two reproductive strategies for overwintering and perennation: (i) asexual vegetative hyphae on dormant buds that emerge the following season as infected shoots; and (ii) sexual ascocarps (chasmothecia), which are presumed to discharge ascospores during spring rain events. We demonstrate that P. macularis chasmothecia, in the absence of any asexual P. macularis growth forms, are a viable overwintering source capable of causing early season infection two to three orders of magnitude greater than that reported for perennation via asexual growth. Two epidemiological models were defined that describe (i) temperature-driven maturation of P. macularis chasmothecia; and (ii) ascosporic discharge in response to the duration of leaf wetness and prevailing temperatures. Podosphaera macularis ascospores were confirmed to be infectious at temperatures ranging from 5 to 20°C. The organism’s chasmothecia were also found to adhere tightly to the host tissue on which they formed, suggesting that these structures likely overwinter wherever hop tissue senesces within a hop yard. These observations suggest that existing early season disease management practices are especially crucial to controlling hop powdery mildew in the presence of P. macularis chasmothecia. Furthermore, these insights provide a baseline for the validation of weather driven models describing maturation and release of P. macularis ascospores that can eventually be incorporated into hop disease management programs.

PMID:33829855 | DOI:10.1094/PHYTO-11-20-0492-R

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

Impact of perceived discrimination on depression and anxiety among Muslim college students: The role of acculturative stress, religious support, and Muslim identity

Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2021 Apr 8. doi: 10.1037/ort0000545. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In the United States, Muslims have increasingly been the targets of discrimination. While prior research suggests that increased perceived discrimination is associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms in this population, no existing studies have explored whether this relationship is mediated by acculturative stress, and few have examined potential moderating factors. This study aimed to investigate whether acculturative stress mediates the relationship between perceived discrimination and depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as examine the moderating roles of Muslim identity and religious support. Participants included 205 Muslim college students, who completed an online survey. Findings revealed that the indirect effect of perceived discrimination on depression and anxiety symptoms via acculturative stress was statistically significant. In addition, religious support emerged as a significant moderator, with higher levels of religious support increasing the strength of the indirect effect on depression and anxiety symptoms. The results suggest clinicians and higher education staff working with Muslim college students should assess for perceptions of discrimination and acculturative stress, as well as examine the role that religious support plays in that individual’s life. Future research should examine how discrimination, acculturative stress, and involvement in one’s religious congregation affect mental health outcomes, as well as investigate whether these findings are generalizable to other religions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:33829813 | DOI:10.1037/ort0000545

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

I am what I am: A meta-analysis of the association between substance user identities and substance use-related outcomes

Psychol Addict Behav. 2021 Apr 8. doi: 10.1037/adb0000721. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Research indicates that a substance user identity (i.e., drinking, smoking, and marijuana identity) is positively correlated with substance use-related outcomes (e.g., frequency, quantity, consequences, and disorder symptoms). The current study aimed to meta-analytically derive single, weighted effect size estimates of the identity-outcome association as well as to examine moderators (e.g., substance use type, explicit/implicit assessment, demographic characteristics, and research design) of this association.

METHOD: Random effects meta-analysis was conducted on 70 unique samples that assessed substance user identity and at least one substance use-related outcome (frequency, quantity, consequences, and/or disorder symptoms), and provided the necessary information for effect size calculations.

RESULTS: Substance user identity was found to be a statistically significant moderate-to-large correlate of all substance use-related outcomes examined in the current study (r w = .365, p < .001, rw² = .133). The strongest associations were observed between identity and disorder symptoms (alcohol) and frequency of substance use (tobacco or marijuana). In terms of moderators of the identity-outcome association, the link between explicit drinking identity and alcohol use-related outcomes appeared to be stronger in magnitude than the relationship between implicit drinking identity and alcohol use-related outcomes; however, this difference appears to be largely due to the finding that implicit measures have lower reliability. The strongest identity-outcome association was observed among younger individuals.

CONCLUSIONS: Substance user identity is clearly an important correlate of substance use-related outcomes and this association is stronger among younger individuals. Additional theoretical, empirical, and intervention research is needed to utilize knowledge gleaned from the current study on the identity-outcome association. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:33829814 | DOI:10.1037/adb0000721

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

Categorical cuing: Object categories structure the acquisition of statistical regularities to guide visual search

J Exp Psychol Gen. 2021 Apr 8. doi: 10.1037/xge0001059. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Recent statistical regularities have been demonstrated to influence visual search across a wide variety of learning mechanisms and search features. To function in the guidance of real-world search, however, such learning must be contingent on the context in which the search occurs and the object that is the target of search. The former has been studied extensively under the rubric of contextual cuing. Here, we examined, for the first time, categorical cuing: The role of object categories in structuring the acquisition of statistical regularities used to guide visual search. After an exposure session in which participants viewed six exemplars with the same general color in each of 40 different real-world categories, they completed a categorical search task, in which they searched for any member of a category based on a label cue. Targets that matched recent within-category regularities were found faster than targets that did not (Experiment 1). Such categorical cuing was also found to span multiple recent colors within a category (Experiment 2). It was observed to influence both the guidance of search to the target object (Experiment 3) and the basic operation of assigning single exemplars to categories (Experiment 4). Finally, the rapid acquisition of category-specific regularities was also quickly modified, with the benefit rapidly decreasing during the search session as participants were exposed equally to the two possible colors in each category. The results demonstrate that object categories organize the acquisition of perceptual regularities and that this learning exerts strong control over the instantiation of the category representation as a template for visual search. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:33829823 | DOI:10.1037/xge0001059

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

Gingival Recession after Surgical Endodontic Treatment and Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Oral Health Prev Dent. 2021 Jan 7;19(1):235-243. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b1176847.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This systematic review addressed flap designs in endodontic surgery which can have an impact on the Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus) to identify all studies up to November 2019 that investigated the effect of flap designs on gingival recession and quality of life among healthy adults.

RESULTS: The initial search identified 2701 references. Ten studies were included in this systematic review; two were randomised clinical trials and eight were non-randomised clinical trials. Studies showed that sulcular incision increases the risk of gingival recession and decreases OHRQoL. Two studies were included in the meta-analysis in relation to gingival recession. The pooled results demonstrated that submarginal incision showed a decreased weighted mean difference in gingival recession by 0.31 mm (95% CI: 0.12 – 0.51) (p = 0.002) compared to sulcular incision.

CONCLUSION: Sulcular incision flap unfavourably affect the level of gingiva and OHRQoL. All nonrandomised studies had a statistically significant bias and the sample sizes in all studies were relatively small. More gingival recession and lower OHRQoL were associated with sulcular incision. Additional investigations are warranted to provide more evidence.

PMID:33829721 | DOI:10.3290/j.ohpd.b1176847

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

The effects of dietary intervention on fibrosis and biochemical parameters in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease

Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino). 2021 Apr 8. doi: 10.23736/S2724-5985.21.02809-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), affects nearly one quarter of the world’s adult population creating large health loads and economic loads in society with no approved pharmacotherapy found yet. The number of studies showing the effect of nutrition on fibrosis accompanying MAFLD are insufficient. This study was planned with the aim of investigating the effect of nutritional treatment on liver injury.

METHODS: This research is a prospective, non-medication interventional study completed with 39 participants chosen from MAFLD patients with fibrosis. Post treatment lasting three months, patients had liver stiffness measurements (LSM), anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests repeated.

RESULTS: In pre- and post-treatment, there were statistically significant correlations found between LSM with serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) values, and between controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) with body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (p<0.05). Post-treatment, statistically significant improvements were determined in the anthropometric measurements and biochemical findings. Moreover, post-treatment LSM and CAP values showed significant positive correlation compared to pre-treatment (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: This study found dietary interventions have an important place within the scope of fibrosis treatment. Preparation and application of medical nutrition treatment suitable for the clinical features of patients and completing correct lifestyle changes has an ameliorating effect on disease prognosis. There is a need for advanced studies with larger sample groups to further enlighten this topic.

PMID:33829726 | DOI:10.23736/S2724-5985.21.02809-9

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Nevin Manimala Statistics

Are therapist adherence and competence related to clinical outcomes in cognitive-behavioral treatment for youth anxiety?

J Consult Clin Psychol. 2021 Mar;89(3):188-199. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000538.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Studies have found that psychological treatments produce positive clinical outcomes for many problems experienced by youth. However, there is limited research on whether therapist adherence and competence in delivering these treatments are related to differential clinical outcomes.

METHOD: We examined the relationship of therapist adherence and competence to clinical outcomes in a sample of 51 youth aged 7-14 years (M age = 10.36, SD = 1.90; 86.3% white; 60.8% male) treated for anxiety disorders with a manualized individual cognitive-behavioral therapy. Adherence and competence were measured via coding of recorded treatment session content and outcomes were measured by caregiver and youth report across multiple timepoints. We used two-level mixed-effects regression models to test the degree to which adherence and competence predicted differential youth clinical outcomes.

RESULTS: Across multiple caregiver- and child-reported symptom and diagnostic outcomes, we found no statistically significant relationship between adherence or competence and clinical outcomes.

DISCUSSION: Although there was variability in both treatment integrity and clinical outcome, neither adherence to nor competence in youth anxiety treatment was related to clinical outcomes for youth with anxiety disorders treated with individual cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) in a research clinic-based efficacy trial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:33829807 | DOI:10.1037/ccp0000538