What rules shaped humanity’s original social networks? The earliest social networks were tightly knit cultural groups made of multiple biologically related families. That single group would then develop relationships with other cultural groups in their local area. Researchers used statistical physics and computer models common in evolutionary biology to explain the origin of common community structures documented by cultural anthropologists around the world.
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Theoretical physicists have found a deep link between one of the most striking features of quantum mechanics — quantum entanglement — and thermalization, which is the process in which something comes into thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
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Fracture Toughness Comparison of Three Indirect Composite Resins Using 4-Point Flexural Strength Method.
Eur J Dent. 2020 Apr 13;:
Authors: Moradi Z, Abbasi M, Khalesi R, Tabatabaei MH, Shahidi Z
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The advantages of indirect composite restorations such as less crack formation during their computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing process, compared with ceramic restorations, have resulted in their growing popularity. However, restoration failure is a major concern with regard to the long-term clinical success of restorations and may occur as the result of propagation of a crack originated from an internal flaw in the restoration. This study aimed to compare the fracture toughness of three indirect composite resins.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this in vitro experimental study, 10 specimens measuring 3 × 3 × 18 mm were fabricated of Gradia, Crios, and high impact polymer composite indirect composites. A single edge notch with a diameter < 0.3 mm and 0.3 mm length was created in the 9 mm longitudinal dimension of specimens using a no. 11 surgical scalpel. The specimens were then subjected to 4-point flexural strength test in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.1 mm/s until failure.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD (honestly significant difference) test. The statistical power was set at p ˂ 0.05.
RESULTS: One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in fracture toughness of the three composite groups (p = 0.000). According to the Tukey HSD analysis, the fracture toughness of HIPC was significantly higher than that of the other two composites. The fracture toughness of Gradia was significantly lower among all.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, the results showed that high temperature-pressure polymerization can increase resistance to crack propagation and subsequently improve the clinical service of indirect composite restorations. Although we do not know the filler volume percentage of HIPC, it seems that filler volume percentage of the composite is inversely correlated with fracture toughness.
PMID: 32283561 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]
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Update of the BEVQ-15, a beverage intake questionnaire for habitual beverage intake for adults: determining comparative validity and reproducibility.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2020 Apr 13;:
Authors: Fausnacht AG, Myers EA, Hess EL, Davy BM, Hedrick VE
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The BEVQ-15 is a beverage intake questionnaire that estimates the habitual average daily intake of 15 beverage categories (kcal and fl oz), as well as total sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and total beverages. However, subsequent to its initial validation in 2010, it has not been updated. The present study aimed to assess the convergent validity and reproducibility of the updated form of the BEVQ-15 to better reflect current beverage consumption trends.
METHODS: The study population included adults (n = 50) aged ≥18 years, recruited from a local university community. Participation consisted of three laboratory visits within a 4-week period in which the updated BEVQ-15 was administered during the first and last visit and four 24-h dietary recalls were collected. BEVQ-15 modifications included removing limits of 60 fl oz per beverage, adding a nut milk category, and providing creamer and sweetener preferences for coffee/tea categories. Convergent validity was assessed by comparing reported beverage intake between the BEVQ-15 and dietary recalls. Reproducibility was assessed by comparing both BEVQ-15 administrations. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Bland-Altman plots and Spearman’s correlations.
RESULTS: For validity, Bland-Altman plot agreement between the BEVQ-15 and recalls was in the range 92-96% for total SSB and total beverage intake. For reproducibility, all beverage categories, total SSB, and total beverage intake were significantly correlated between the two BEVQ-15 administrations (r = 0.41-0.85; P ≤ 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: This updated version of the BEVQ-15 demonstrated moderate convergent validity and reproducibility for total beverage consumption among well-educated southwest Virginia adults.
PMID: 32283572 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]
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Induction versus adjuvant chemotherapy combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A propensity score-matched analysis.
Oral Oncol. 2020 Apr 10;105:104686
Authors: Tang SQ, Xu C, Wang XS, Tang LL, Li WF, Chen L, Mao YP, Guo R, Liu Q, Sun Y, Ma J
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To explore the role of induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and CCRT plus adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANPC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The propensity score-matched (PSM) method was adopted to balance variables. We identified independent prognostic factors using Cox regression analysis and compared outcomes between two chemotherapy treatment combinations for patients in different subgroups.
RESULTS: A total of 550 patients were selected by one-to-two PSM. Survival outcomes for the matched data set indicated that the IC + CCRT group achieved higher 5-year overall survival (OS; 89.3% vs 85.3%, P = 0.119), failure-free survival (FFS; 80.2% vs 79.0%, P = 0.722) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS; 87.4% vs 84.4%, P = 0.322) compared with CCRT + AC, although this was statistically non-significant. Subgroup analysis revealed that IC + CCRT was associated with significantly improved OS (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.68, 95% Confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-6.22, P = 0.017), FFS (HR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.06-3.57, P = 0.029) and locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS; HR = 2.63, 95% CI = 1.04-6.68, P = 0.034) in T3 disease. Moreover, this combination of treatment could significantly prolong OS (HR = 3.72, 95% CI = 1.41-9.80, P = 0.004) in N2 disease. However, the superiority of CCRT + AC was only observed in LRRFS (HR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.04-0.79, P = 0.010) for the T4 subgroup.
CONCLUSION: IC + CCRT should be strongly considered by patients with LANPC, especially those with T3 or N2 disease.
PMID: 32283514 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]
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Detecting small flaws in two-phase Ti-6Al-4V with rough surfaces.
Ultrasonics. 2020 Mar 10;106:106128
Authors: Li X, Fu Y, Zhang F, Rao Y
Abstract
Surface roughness degrades the performance of ultrasonic methods when detecting sub-wavelength flaws. In this work, a roughness-modified doubly-scattered response (DSR) model is developed to enhance the flaw detection method for two-phase Ti-6Al-4V with rough surfaces. Extreme value statistics are used to calculate the confidence bounds of grain noise, then the bounds are treated as a time-dependent threshold for segmenting flaws in C-scan images of two-phase Ti-6Al-4V with rough surfaces. Three Ti-6Al-4V samples with different surface roughness are designed and manufactured for validating the present method; ultrasonic C-scan results show that it can distinguish sub-wavelength flaws (about 1/3 wavelength) in two-phase Ti-6Al-4V with rough surfaces, which can be extended to industry applications.
PMID: 32283418 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]
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Adipocytokines are not associated with gestational diabetes mellitus but with pregnancy status.
Cytokine. 2020 Apr 10;131:155088
Authors: Ebert T, Gebhardt C, Scholz M, Schleinitz D, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, Fasshauer M, Tönjes A
Abstract
AIMS: Adipose tissue-secreted proteins, i.e. adipocytokines, have been identified as potential mediators linking fat mass and adipose tissue dysfunction with impaired glucose homeostasis, alterations in the inflammatory status, and risk of diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether seven circulating adipocytokines are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or are altered by metabolic and weight changes during pregnancy itself.
METHODS: A panel of seven adipocytokines (i.e. adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, chemerin, leptin, Pro-Enkephalin, progranulin, and Pro-Neurotensin) was quantified in serum in a cross-sectional cohort of 222 women with the following three groups matched for age and body mass index: (i) 74 pregnant women with GDM; (ii) 74 pregnant women without GDM; and (iii) 74 non-pregnant and healthy women. A stepwise statistical approach was used by performing pairwise comparisons, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).
RESULTS: Five out of seven adipocytokines were dysregulated between pregnant and non-pregnant women, i.e. adiponectin, chemerin, leptin, Pro-Enkephalin, and progranulin. None of the adipocytokines significantly differed between GDM and non-GDM status during pregnancy. The same five adipocytokines clustered in a principal component representing pregnancy-induced effects. Fasting insulin was the most relevant parameter in the discrimination of GDM as compared to pregnant women without GDM, whereas chemerin and adiponectin were most relevant factors to discriminate pregnancy status.
CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy status but not presence of GDM can be distinguished by the seven investigated adipocytokines in discrimination analyses.
PMID: 32283441 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]
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EEG-based classification of lower limb motor imagery with brain network analysis.
Neuroscience. 2020 Apr 10;:
Authors: Gu L, Yu Z, Ma T, Wang H, Li Z, Fan H
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the difference in cortical signal characteristics between the left and right foot imaginary movements and to improve the classification accuracy of the experimental tasks. Raw signals were gathered from 64-channel scalp electroencephalograms of 11 healthy participants. Firstly, the cortical source model was defined with 62 regions of interest over the sensorimotor cortex (9 Brodmann areas). Secondly, functional connectivity was calculated by phase lock value for α and β rhythm networks. Thirdly, network-based statistics were applied to identify whether there existed stable and significant subnetworks that formed between the two types of motor imagery tasks. Meanwhile, ten graph theory indices were investigated for each network by t-test to determine statistical significance between tasks. Finally, sparse multinomial logistic regression (SMLR)-support vector machine (SVM), as a feature selection and classification model, was used to analyze the graph theory features. The specific time-frequency (α event-related desynchronization and β event-related synchronization) difference network between the two tasks was congregated at the midline and demonstrated significant connections in the premotor areas and primary somatosensory cortex. A few of statistically significant differences in the network properties were observed between tasks in the α and β rhythm. The SMLR-SVM classification model achieved fair discrimination accuracy between imaginary movements of the two feet (maximum 75% accuracy rate in single-trial analyses). This study reveals the network mechanism of the discrimination of the left and right foot motor imagery, which can provide a novel avenue for the BCI system by unilateral lower limb motor imagery.
PMID: 32283182 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]