Tag: nevin manimala

Am J Dent. 2021 Dec;34(6):327-332.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the marginal sealing ability of different restorative materials used in deep margin elevation (DME) on zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate CAD-CAM ceramic restorations.

METHODS: A total of 30 Class II cavities were prepared in freshly extracted human molars with the proximal margin located 1 mm below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). All specimens were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n=10): control group, resin composite group (Filtek Z350 XT), and resin-modified glass-ionomer group (RMGI) (Vitremer Tricure). In Group 1, control group, no DME was performed. The inlay margin of the control group was placed directly on the dentin. In Groups 2 and 3, DME was used to elevate the margin to 1 mm above the CEJ with resin composite and RMGI, respectively. Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate CAD-CAM ceramic restorations were manufactured and bonded on all specimens with universal bonding and resin luting cement. All specimens were aged by water storage for 6 months. Marginal sealing ability at different interfaces was evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 40x magnification by scoring the depth of silver nitrate penetrating along the adhesive surfaces. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.

RESULTS: At the dentin interface, there was no significant difference in microleakage scores in the control group and resin composite group (P= 0.577); however, the RMGI group had significantly higher microleakage compared to the control group (P= 0.004) and resin composite group (P= 0.007).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Deep margin elevation can be achieved with resin composite. Resin-modified glass-ionomer must be used with caution due to the high microleakage scores.

PMID:35051321

Eur J Dent Educ. 2022 Jan 20. doi: 10.1111/eje.12773. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study are to evaluate the situations that cause anxiety in clinical training and to discuss the precautions that can be taken to reduce clinical anxiety in dental education.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multi-centered survey based study was created through Google Docs and 3rd, 4th and 5th grade dental students were included. The students were asked to rate their reactions on a 4-point Likert scale “not anxious” to “very anxious” for 27 questions related to academics, communication and interaction, diagnosis, dental treatments, deficiencies and mistakes in the treatments.

RESULTS: 1332 students were reached, and 1320 students completed the questionnaire. While extracting wrong tooth (3.53 ± 0.83), getting infected by patient (3.39 ± 0.85), getting diagnosis wrong (3.31 ± 0.83) were identified as the 3 most anxiety-provoking situations; taking panoramic radiograph (1.48 ± 0.71), communication with patients and dental assistants /nurses (1.76 ± 0.87; 1.64 ± 0.76) were identified as 3 situations that cause the least anxiety. Female students reported higher anxiety levels than male students in most of the questions (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed between the grades of the students (p <0.05). 3^rd grade students showed statistically higher anxiety levels than higher grades in 16 out of 27 questions. No statistical significance was observed according to the status of the university (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION: Questions related to diagnosis, delivery of the dental treatments, deficiencies and mistakes in the treatments caused higher anxiety levels among dentistry students. As experience and time in the clinical training increase, the anxiety level of the students decreases. Orientation programs and establishing an effective communication between grades are recommended. Also, gender-based solutions must be taken into consideration.

PMID:35051299 | DOI:10.1111/eje.12773

Am J Dent. 2021 Dec;34(6):300-306.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the color, surface roughness and microhardness of human dental enamel subjected to brushing with whitening dentifrices.

METHODS: The enamel samples (4 x 4 x 2 mm) were darkened using 0.2% chlorhexidine and black tea, and were randomly divided into seven groups (n= 15) for brushing cycles with only water; control; conventional dentifrice (Colgate Maximum Anticaries Protection); dentifrice containing 2% hydrogen peroxide (Colgate Luminous White Advanced); dentifrice containing sodium tripolyphosphate (Sensodyne True White); dentifrice containing activated charcoal (Black is White); and dentifrice containing blue covarine (Close Up White Now). The samples were submitted to 1,000 and 30,000 brushing cycles. The color values (CIE L*a*b*), surface roughness (Ra) and microhardness (Knoop) were recorded at four time points: baseline, after staining, after 1,000 and after 30,000 brushing cycles. The data were submitted to statistical analyses using paired t-test, ANOVA and Tukey.

RESULTS: The color analysis, roughness and microhardness results showed interaction between the effect of the dentifrices and the time point (P< 0.001). The bleaching dentifrices brought about color changes (ΔE) significantly greater than those obtained with conventional dentifrices and the control; however, there were no significant color changes among the bleaching dentifrices. When the color coordinates were evaluated individually, the L* values increased and the a* and b* values decreased throughout the experiment. The conventional toothpaste and the toothpastes containing blue covarine, activated charcoal or hydrogen peroxide promoted a statistically significant increase in the surface roughness of the samples after the last brushing cycle. The sodium tripolyphosphate dentifrice caused a progressive reduction in roughness. The microhardness increased statistically after 30,000 cycles for the conventional toothpaste, blue covarine and hydrogen peroxide. It was concluded that the whitening dentifrices lightened the samples, which evidenced greater luminosity and reduction in reddish and yellow tones. Moreover, they did not have deleterious effects on microhardness, and caused acceptable changes in surface roughness.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dentifrices with different whitening strategies changed the color of the samples, resulting in samples with greater luminosity and reduced reddish and yellowish tones. They also caused changes in surface roughness within the acceptable clinical limit and did not have a deleterious effect on the microhardness of dental enamel.

PMID:35051316

J Nutr. 2021 Nov 23:nxab398. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab398. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although the role of diet is increasingly acknowledged in psychiatry, data are still scarce regarding its early impact on the most significant behavioral disorders of childhood (i.e., hyperactivity-inattention and conduct problems).

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to explore the relation between children’s dietary patterns at 2 years and developmental trajectories of hyperactivity-inattention and conduct problems between 3 and 8 years.

METHODS: We recruited 1432 mother-child dyads from the French EDEN (etude sur les déterminants pré- et postnatals du développement et de la santé de l’enfant) mother-child cohort to conduct the analyses. Three dietary patterns, labeled guidelines, processed and fast foods, and baby foods, were identified using an FFQ in children aged 2 years in a previous study. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess hyperactivity-inattention and conduct problems at 3, 5, and 8 years of age and build related trajectories from 3 to 8 years. The relation between children’s dietary patterns at 2 years and the worst developmental trajectories of hyperactivity-inattention and conduct problems were determined with multivariable logistic regressions adjusted for potential socioeconomic, maternal, and child confounders.

RESULTS: The score on the guidelines dietary pattern was negatively associated with the risk of hyperactivity-inattention problems (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60-0.94), contrary to adherence to the baby foods dietary pattern (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.16-1.71).

CONCLUSIONS: Distinct patterns of children’s diet at 2 years were predictive of developmental trajectories of hyperactivity-inattention problems between 3 and 8 years. These results highlight the relevance of conducting further studies to clarify the mechanisms involved.

PMID:35051294 | DOI:10.1093/jn/nxab398

PLoS One. 2022 Jan 20;17(1):e0262638. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262638. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Vertical transmission of HIV remains one of the most common transmission modes. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) decreases the risk of transmission to less than 2%, but maintaining adherence to treatment remains a challenge. Some of the commonly reported barriers to adherence to ART include stress (physical and emotional), depression, and alcohol and drug abuse. Integrating screening and treatment for psychological problem such as depression was reported to improve adherence. In this study, we sought to determine the prevalence of depression and its association with adherence to ART among HIV-positive pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinics in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey from March through November 2018. Participants were conveniently sampled from 12 health institutions offering ANC services. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to screen for depression and the Center for Adherence Support Evaluation (CASE) Adherence index to evaluate adherence to ART. Descriptive statistics was used to estimate the prevalence of depression during third-trimester pregnancy and nonadherence to ART. A bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to get significant predictors for each of the two outcome measures. The final multivariable logistic regression analysis included variables with a P<0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression model; statistical significance was evaluated at P<0.05.

RESULTS: We approached 397 eligible individuals, of whom 368 (92.7%) participated and were included in the analysis. Of the total participants, 175(47.6%) had depression. The participants’ overall level of adherence to ART was 82%. Pregnant women with low income were twice more likely to have depression (AOR = 2.10, 95%CI = 1.31-3.36). Women with WHO clinical Stage 1 disease were less likely to have depression than women with more advanced disease (AOR = 0.16, 95%CI = 0.05-0.48). There was a statistically significant association between depression and nonadherence to ART (P = 0.020); nonadherence was nearly two times higher among participants with depression (AOR = 1.88, 95%CI = 1.08-3.27).

CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of depression among HIV-positive pregnant women in the selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, and what was more concerning was its association with higher rates of nonadherence to ART adversely affecting the outcome of their HIV care. We recommend integrating screening for depression in routine ANC services.

PMID:35051244 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0262638

PLoS One. 2022 Jan 20;17(1):e0262701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262701. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

Anthropometry is a Greek word that consists of the two words “Anthropo” meaning human species and “metery” meaning measurement. It is a science that deals with the size of the body including the dimensions of different parts, the field of motion and the strength of the muscles of the body. Specific individual dimensions such as heights, widths, depths, distances, environments and curvatures are usually measured. In this article, we investigate the anthropometric characteristics of patients with chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, heart attacks and strokes) and find the factors affecting these diseases and the extent of the impact of each to make the necessary planning. We have focused on cohort studies for 10047 qualified participants from Ravansar County. Machine learning provides opportunities to improve discrimination through the analysis of complex interactions between broad variables. Among the chronic diseases in this cohort study, we have used three deep neural network models for diagnosis and prognosis of the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a case study. Usually in Artificial Intelligence for medicine tasks, Imbalanced data is an important issue in learning and ignoring that leads to false evaluation results. Also, the accuracy evaluation criterion was not appropriate for this task, because a simple model that is labeling all samples negatively has high accuracy. So, the evaluation criteria of precession, recall, AUC, and AUPRC were considered. Then, the importance of variables in general was examined to determine which features are more important in the risk of T2DM. Finally, personality feature was added, in which individual feature importance was examined. Performing by Shapley Values, the model is tuned for each patient so that it can be used for prognosis of T2DM risk for that patient. In this paper, we have focused and implemented a full pipeline of Data Creation, Data Preprocessing, Handling Imbalanced Data, Deep Learning model, true Evaluation method, Feature Importance and Individual Feature Importance. Through the results, the pipeline demonstrated competence in improving the Diagnosis and Prognosis the risk of T2DM with personalization capability.

PMID:35051240 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0262701

PLoS One. 2022 Jan 20;17(1):e0262724. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262724. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infection and disease. This study aimed to evaluate HPV seroprevalence, cervical HPV prevalence, genotype distribution, and frequency of HPV-related cervical lesions in SOT recipients in comparison to immunocompetent women.

METHODS: Cross-sectional study including SOT and immunocompetent women aged 18 to 45 years who denied previous HPV-related lesions. Cervical samples were screened for HPV-DNA by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA microarray system (PapilloCheck®) and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) by liquid-based cytology. A multiplexed pseudovirion-based serology assay (PsV-Luminex) was used to measure HPV serum antibodies.

RESULTS: 125 SOT and 132 immunocompetent women were enrolled. Cervical samples were collected from 113 SOT and 127 immunocompetent women who had initiated sexual activity. HPV-DNA prevalence was higher in SOT than in immunocompetent women (29.6% vs. 20.2%, p = 0.112), but this difference was not statistically significant. High-risk (HR)-HPV was significantly more frequent in SOT than in immunocompetent women (19.4% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.014). Simultaneous infection with ≥2 HR-HPV types was found in 3.1% of SOT and 0.9% of immunocompetent women. HPV seropositivity for at least one HPV type was high in both groups: 63.8% of 105 SOT and 69.7% of 119 immunocompetent women (p = 0.524). Low-grade (LSIL) and high-grade SIL (HSIL) were significantly more frequent in SOT (9.7% and 5.3%, respectively) than in immunocompetent women (1.6% and 0.8%, respectively) (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: These results may reflect the increased risk of HPV persistent infection and disease progression in SOT women due to chronic immunosuppression.

PMID:35051227 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0262724

PLoS One. 2022 Jan 20;17(1):e0262763. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262763. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

The mouse has dichromatic color vision based on two different types of opsins: short (S)- and middle (M)-wavelength-sensitive opsins with peak sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV; 360 nm) and green light (508 nm), respectively. In the mouse retina, cone photoreceptors that predominantly express the S-opsin are more sensitive to contrasts and denser towards the ventral retina, preferentially sampling the upper part of the visual field. In contrast, the expression of the M-opsin gradually increases towards the dorsal retina that encodes the lower visual field. Such a distinctive retinal organization is assumed to arise from a selective pressure in evolution to efficiently encode the natural scenes. However, natural image statistics of UV light remain largely unexplored. Here we developed a multi-spectral camera to acquire high-quality UV and green images of the same natural scenes, and examined the optimality of the mouse retina to the image statistics. We found that the local contrast and the spatial correlation were both higher in UV than in green for images above the horizon, but lower in UV than in green for those below the horizon. This suggests that the dorsoventral functional division of the mouse retina is not optimal for maximizing the bandwidth of information transmission. Factors besides the coding efficiency, such as visual behavioral requirements, will thus need to be considered to fully explain the characteristic organization of the mouse retina.

PMID:35051230 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0262763

PLoS One. 2022 Jan 20;17(1):e0262656. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262656. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, requires reliable diagnostic methods to track the circulation of this virus. Following the development of RT-qPCR methods to meet this diagnostic need in January 2020, it became clear from interlaboratory studies that the reported Ct values obtained for the different laboratories showed high variability. Despite this the Ct values were explored as a quantitative cut off to aid clinical decisions based on viral load. Consequently, there was a need to introduce standards to support estimation of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in diagnostic specimens. In a collaborative study, INSTAND established two reference materials (RMs) containing heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads of ~107 copies/mL (RM 1) and ~106 copies/mL (RM 2), respectively. Quantification was performed by RT-qPCR using synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA standards and digital PCR. Between November 2020 and February 2021, German laboratories were invited to use the two RMs to anchor their Ct values measured in routine diagnostic specimens, with the Ct values of the two RMs. A total of 305 laboratories in Germany were supplied with RM 1 and RM 2. The laboratories were requested to report their measured Ct values together with details on the PCR method they used to INSTAND. This resultant 1,109 data sets were differentiated by test system and targeted gene region. Our findings demonstrate that an indispensable prerequisite for linking Ct values to SARS-CoV-2 viral loads is that they are treated as being unique to an individual laboratory. For this reason, clinical guidance based on viral loads should not cite Ct values. The RMs described were a suitable tool to determine the specific laboratory Ct for a given viral load. Furthermore, as Ct values can also vary between runs when using the same instrument, such RMs could be used as run controls to ensure reproducibility of the quantitative measurements.

PMID:35051208 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0262656

PLoS One. 2022 Jan 20;17(1):e0260916. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260916. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

Temperature is a key factor influencing plant growth and productivity, but its sudden rise can cause severe consequences on crop performances. Early sowing and application of growth promoting agents as a foliar spray can be a sustainable approach to cope with high temperature stress at grain filling stage of cereal crops. Therefore, a test was designed to explore the potential of different growth helping agents including sorghum water extract (SWE, 10 ml L-1), moringa leaf extract (MLE, 3%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 2 μM), salicylic acid (SA, 50 mg L-1) and ascorbic acid (ASA, 50 mg L-1) as foliar agents at different sowing dates (early and optimum) to cope with temperature stress in maize. The results stated that foliar application of growth promoting substances successfully persuaded high temperature tolerance at reproductive phase of maize in early and optimum sowings when compared to control. However, SWE + ASA, MLE + H2O2 and SWE + ASA + SA + H2O2 were the best combinations for improving growth, development, and physiological variables under both sowing dates even under suboptimal temperature. All foliar applications significantly increased maize grain and biological yields while maximum was observed in SWE + ASA followed by SWE + ASA + SA + H2O2 or MLE + H2O2 that were statistically at par with ASA + SA + H2O2 but plants without spray or distilled water application did not improve grain and biological yields. Overall, the foliar applications of growth promoting substances enable the plant to enhance its growth, development, morphology, yield and biochemical variables.

PMID:35051214 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0260916