Tag: pubmed

Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2026 Jan 1;81(1):1-2. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000001488. Epub 2026 Jan 19.

ABSTRACT

Obesity is an important risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. Its prevalence has steadily increased over the past decades, with nearly half of pregnant women in the United States considered overweight or obese in 2019. A higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with an elevated risk of stillbirth, and obesity is associated with chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and other comorbidities that are independent risk factors for stillbirth and perinatal death. Because of these risks, earlier delivery for women with high BMI is being considered; however, the data on specific risks related to gestational age (GA) are limited. Currently, recommendations for women with high BMI differ across professional bodies. The Canadian Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends delivery at 39 to 40 weeks’ gestation for women with extreme obesity and at 38 to 40 weeks’ gestation for those with chronic hypertension. In contrast, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists provide no GA-specific recommendations for obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and GA-specific risk of stillbirth, and whether chronic hypertension modifies these associations.This was a retrospective cohort study, using data from the National Center for Health Statistics on women who had a singleton live- or stillbirth at ≥20 weeks’ gestation between 2016 and 2017. Excluded were live births and fetal deaths at <20 or ≥43 weeks of gestation and women with missing data on pre-pregnancy BMI. The primary and secondary outcomes were stillbirth and perinatal death, respectively. The primary exposure was pre-pregnancy BMI. BMI categories included underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 to <25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2), obesity class I (30 to <35 kg/m2), obesity class II (35 to <40 kg/m2), and obesity class III (≥40 kg/m2). Chronic hypertension was evaluated as a modifier on the relationship between BMI and GA-specific stillbirth.A total of 7,365,797 women were included in the study, with 3.5% classified as underweight, 43.9% as normal weight, 26.1% as overweight, 14.5% as obesity class I, 7% as class II, and 5% as class III. Women with elevated BMI had higher rates of chronic hypertension and pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus. They were also more likely to deliver at an earlier GA. While the stillbirth rate among those at normal weight was 3.86 per 1000 total births, the rate increased with elevated BMI both with and without hypertension. Overall, women who also had chronic hypertension had a higher stillbirth rate in all BMI categories, with the highest rate of perinatal death among underweight women (27.6 per 1000 total births).Women without hypertension saw an increase in the GA-specific risk of stillbirth and perinatal death after 37 weeks of gestation. Regardless of whether hypertension was present, the differences in the hazard ratios (HR) curve remained consistent with increasing rates in the term period for both, but were higher among those with hypertension. When stratified by BMI subgroup, the highest rates were seen among those with Class III obesity and hypertension, but the trends of increasing risk at term were seen in all groups.In conclusion, the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and stillbirth is modified when chronic hypertension is present. Overall, the absolute risks of stillbirth and perinatal death at all gestations were higher in women with elevated BMI and chronic hypertension.(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2025;233:61.e1-15.).

PMID:41557915 | DOI:10.1097/OGX.0000000000001488

J Chem Phys. 2026 Jan 21;164(3):030901. doi: 10.1063/5.0302303.

ABSTRACT

A disordered quasi-liquid layer of water is thought to cover the ice surface, but many issues, such as its onset temperature, its thickness, or its actual relation to bulk liquid water, have been a matter of unsettled controversy for more than a century. In this perspective article, current computer simulations and experimental results are discussed under the light of a suitable theoretical framework. It is found that using a combination of wetting physics, the theory of intermolecular forces, statistical mechanics, and out-of-equilibrium physics, a large number of conflicting results can be reconciled and collected into a consistent description of the ice surface. This helps understand the crucial role of surface properties in a range of important applications, from the enigmatic structure of snow crystals to the slipperiness of ice.

PMID:41557470 | DOI:10.1063/5.0302303

Bioinformatics. 2026 Jan 20:btag018. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btag018. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

MOTIVATION: Microbial communities consist of thousands of microorganisms and viruses and have a tight connection with an environment, such as gut microbiota modulation of host body metabolism. However, the direct relationship between the presence of certain microorganism and the host state often remains unknown. Toolkits using reference-based approaches are limited to microbes present in databases. Reference-free methods often require enormous resources for metagenomic assembly or results in many poorly interpretable features based on k-mers.

RESULTS: Here we present MetaFX-an open-source library for feature extraction from whole-genome metagenomic sequencing data and classification of groups of samples. Using a large volume of metagenomic samples deposited in databases, MetaFX compares samples grouped by metadata criteria (e.g. disease, treatment, etc) and constructs genomic features distinct for certain types of communities. Features constructed based on statistical k-mer analysis and de Bruijn graphs partition. Those features are used in machine learning models for classification of novel samples. Extracted features can be visualised on de Bruijn graphs and annotated for providing biological insights. We demonstrate the utility of MetaFX by building classification models for 590 human gut samples with inflammatory bowel disease. Our results outperform the previous research disease prediction accuracy up to 17%, and improves classification results compared to taxonomic analysis by 9±10% on average.

AVAILABILITY: MetaFX is a feature extraction toolkit applicable for metagenomic datasets analysis and samples classification. The source code, test data, and relevant information for MetaFX are freely accessible at https://github.com/ctlab/metafx under the MIT License. Alternatively, MetaFX can be obtained via http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16949369.

PMID:41557465 | DOI:10.1093/bioinformatics/btag018

BJS Open. 2025 Dec 29;10(1):zraf155. doi: 10.1093/bjsopen/zraf155.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare centralized the surgical care of patients with anorectal malformations from four to two centres in 2018. This retrospective review compares short-term complications after anorectal reconstruction before and after centralization.

METHODS: Hospital records of all infants in Sweden who underwent reconstruction of an anorectal malformation between 1 July 2013 and 30 June 2023 were reviewed and divided in two 5-year periods: before and after centralization. The main outcomes were unplanned readmissions and surgical procedures requiring general anaesthesia up to 90 days after reconstruction, as well as early complications classified according to the Clavien-Madadi system up to 30 days after the procedure.

RESULTS: Before centralization, 173 infants underwent anorectal reconstruction, compared with 176 infants after centralization. Patient groups were comparable with respect to associated malformations and type of anorectal malformation. Before centralization, 80 infants (46.2%) had a colostomy before the anorectal reconstruction, compared with 89 infants (50.6%) after centralization (P = 0.454). Anorectal reconstruction was performed at a median age of 61 and 47 days of age before and after centralization, respectively (P = 0.794). Unplanned readmissions up to 90 days after anorectal reconstruction were needed in 12 infants (6.9%) before centralization, compared with 22 infants (12.5%) after centralization (P = 0.104). Unplanned surgical procedures under general anaesthesia were required in 20 (11.6%) and 22 (12.5%) infants before and after centralization, respectively (P = 0.870). Complications (Clavien-Madadi grade III-V) within 30 days after anorectal reconstruction were seen in 16 (9.2%) and 12 (6.8%) infants before and after centralization, respectively (P = 0.436).

CONCLUSION: Centralization of the surgical care of patients with anorectal malformations in Sweden did not seem to have an impact on short-term complications.

PMID:41557458 | DOI:10.1093/bjsopen/zraf155

Adicciones. 2025 Dec 23;37(4):383-394. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.2464.

ABSTRACT

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) is caused by thiamine deficiency (TD) whose main risk factor is alcohol use disorder. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with WE include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This study aims to explore the gene expression signature of certain candidate genes related to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and thiamine metabolism in the hippocampus from animals exposed to chronic alcohol consumption, thiamine deficiency or the combination of both. Male Wistar rats (n=42) were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups: control (C) receiving tap water or tap water plus thiamine (0.2 g/L), chronic alcohol (CA) forced ingestion for 36 weeks, TD diet and pyrithiamine for 12 days (TDD) and CA combined with TDD. The relative gene expression of neurotrophic factors (Ptn, Mdk, Ptprz), proinflammatory molecules (Tlr4, Ccl2 and Hmgb1), mitochondrial homeostatic factors (Mfn1 and Mfn2) and thiamine metabolism (Tpk1) was analyzed in RNA isolated from the hippocampus across all experimental groups. Differences in gene expression were assessed using non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis). Ptprz mRNA levels tended to be downregulated in the TDD group compared to controls (p=0.06, non-significant) and levels were significantly decreased related to the CA+TDD group (p<0.05). TDD group showed the lowest expression levels of Ptn across all experimental groups, and this decrease was statistically significant compared to the control and CA groups (p<0.05). Our findings indicate a differential gene expression profile of the PTN-MDK-PTPRZ axis in the hippocampus of rats receiving a TD diet but not in the rest of the WE models analyzed (CA and CA+TDD).

PMID:41557452 | DOI:10.20882/adicciones.2464

Adicciones. 2025 Dec 23;37(4):311-322. doi: 10.20882/adicciones.2428.

ABSTRACT

Soybeans contain different isoflavones (mainly daidzein) which work as reversible inhibitors of aldehyde-dehydrogenase-2 enzyme (ALDH2). This activity has been related in animal experiments with a reduction of cocaine use. Our aim was to carry out an open-label pilot study to evaluate the possible efficacy of soy isoflavones as natural inhibitor of ALDH2 in cocaine use disorder. Nine subjects with severe cocaine use disorder participated in a single-center, open, non-controlled trial during 12 weeks of treatment and 4 of follow-up. The Substance Use Report (SUR) showed that three subjects (33.3%) reported a cocaine consumption of less than 20% (80% non-use days) from 10 to 12 weeks of the treatment period, from two (22.2%) at baseline, although non-significant. A finding that could not be confirmed by the detection of urine metabolites of cocaine. Seven participants (77.8%) completed the study at 16 weeks and one (1.11%) at 12 weeks. Urine concentrations of isoflavones, demonstrated that eight participants (88.9%) followed the treatment along the study. The Severity Dependence Scale (SDS) score showed a significant decrease between baseline to 12 weeks, baseline to 16 weeks and 12 to 16 weeks; the Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS) and Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA) decreased their values but not significantly. Significant improvements in different areas of the SF-36 scale were observed: body pain scores decreased from baseline to 16 weeks statistically significant; social function improved its scores from baseline to 12 weeks and from baseline to 16 weeks significantly; the rest of areas increased their scores but not significantly. These findings show lower ratios of cocaine use days, and high retention and adherence to treatment although the acquisition of complete abstinence was not observed. Soy isoflavones could be considered a potential treatment in future research, to be confirmed by placebo-controlled studies with adequate sample size.

PMID:41557447 | DOI:10.20882/adicciones.2428

Otol Neurotol. 2026 Jan 20. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000004830. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze demographic disparities in the prevalence of cochleovestibular symptoms including hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness.

METHODS: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database was queried for the prevalence of cochleovestibular symptoms among random samples of US survey participants between 1999 and 2018. Welch t test, mean difference, and χ2 analyses were performed to compare demographic differences between healthy and symptomatic patients. Multivariate logistic regression was also performed for each symptom.

RESULTS: Participants who reported having hearing loss (OR=3.93, P<0.001) or tinnitus (OR=2.04, P<0.001) were significantly older than healthy individuals. However, older age was not a risk factor for having dizziness (P=0.281). Similarly, BMI was significantly higher among participants with hearing loss (OR=1.33, P<0.001) and tinnitus (OR=1.27, P<0.001), although this was not true of dizziness (P=0.992). Men had a higher likelihood of developing hearing loss (OR=1.75, P<0.001), whereas women had a higher likelihood of developing dizziness (OR=1.73, P<0.001). No significant gender difference was evident for tinnitus (P=0.304). Black, Hispanic, and multi-racial participants were less likely than White subjects to develop hearing loss or tinnitus (all P<0.001). In contrast, the odds of developing dizziness were greater among all ethnicities other than White; however, this greater odd was only statistically significant in Hispanics (P=0.033).

CONCLUSIONS: Cochleovestibular symptoms’ prevalence varies across US demographics and racial/ethnical groups. Knowledge of these disparities, whether the result of biological or societal effects, can help identify at-risk populations. These insights can further inform health care policy decisions and improve care delivery for patients affected by these disorders.

PMID:41557436 | DOI:10.1097/MAO.0000000000004830

Phys Rev Lett. 2025 Dec 31;135(26):261901. doi: 10.1103/3pcs-dxtn.

ABSTRACT

A search for the charmless baryonic decay B^{+}→Λ[over ¯]pp[over ¯]p is performed using proton-proton collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 fb^{-1}. The branching fraction for this decay is measured for the first time relative to that of the topologically similar decay B^{+}→J/ψK^{+}, with J/ψ→Λ[over ¯]pK^{-}. The branching fraction is measured to be B(B^{+}→Λ[over ¯]pp[over ¯]p)=(2.15±0.35±0.12±0.28)×10^{-7}, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third arises from the uncertainty in the normalization channel branching fraction. The CP asymmetry is measured to be A_{CP}=(5.4±15.6±2.4)%, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic. The background-subtracted invariant-mass distributions of Λ[over ¯]p and p[over ¯]p pairs exhibit pronounced enhancements at both kinematic thresholds, in contrast to a uniform phase-space distribution.

PMID:41557403 | DOI:10.1103/3pcs-dxtn

JAMA Neurol. 2026 Jan 20. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.5329. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41557361 | DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.5329

JAMA Netw Open. 2026 Jan 2;9(1):e2552944. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.52944.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: General mammography screening guidelines target women at average risk within a specified age range (age based) and do not consider absolute risk of individual women at a given age (risk based).

OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of mammography screening strategies that vary by 5-year risk of invasive breast cancer vs age-based strategies.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This decision analytical model used 2 established Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) breast cancer models and simulated US women born in 1980 who were aged 40 years or older without a prior history of breast cancer. Modeling analyses were conducted from April 2023 to April 2025.

INTERVENTION: Digital breast tomosynthesis delivered via 50 screening strategies (3 age based and 47 risk based) vs a no-screening scenario. Five-year absolute invasive breast cancer risk was based on the validated Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium, version 3 calculator. Women’s 5-year breast cancer risk was categorized as low, average, intermediate, or high.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes included lifetime number of breast cancer deaths averted and false-positive screening recalls. Lifetime outcomes were averaged across models and expressed per 1000 women screened.

RESULTS: Nine risk-based screening strategies were associated with a comparable or greater number of deaths averted than biennial age-based screening from ages 40 to 74 years (B40-74) (range across strategies for mean model estimates, 6.8-7.5 per 1000 women vs 6.8 per 1000 women) as well as reduced false-positive recalls by 8% to 23% (1050-1257 per 1000 women for risk-based screening strategies vs 1365 per 1000 women for B40-74). For example, a risk-based approach using a combination of biennial screening (for women at low risk aged 55-74 years, at average risk aged 50-59 years, at intermediate risk aged 45-54 years, and at high risk aged 40-49 years) and annual screening (for women at average risk aged 60-74 years, at intermediate risk aged 55-74 years, and at high risk aged 50-74 years) would be associated with 6% more breast cancer deaths averted than B40-74 (7.2 vs 6.8 per 1000 women) and 13% fewer false-positive recalls (1190 vs 1365 per 1000 women). Results were consistent across the 2 CISNET models, and the relative difference in breast cancer deaths averted between B40-74 and risk-based screening strategies was more pronounced than for life-years gained.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this decision analytical modeling study of breast cancer screening, population risk-based screening using 5-year invasive breast cancer risk was associated with similar or greater benefits than age-based screening as well as reduced false-positive recalls. As personalized medicine advances, risk-based screening is poised to become a cornerstone of breast cancer prevention, offering a more nuanced and tailored approach to patient care.

PMID:41557352 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.52944