Tag: pubmed

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Feb 3;8(2):e2461409. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.61409.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: While acute alcohol use (AAU) is known to increase the risk of suicide significantly, the underlying mechanisms of this association are still understudied.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between AAU and the risk factors for suicide, focusing on the association between AAU and choice of suicide methods.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study included data from the Korean National Investigations of Suicide Victims Study (KNIGHTS). The KNIGHTS dataset comprises nationally representative data encompassing nearly all suicide deaths in South Korea from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2020. The study was analyzed from November 2 to 10, 2023.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was whether decedents who died by suicide had consumed alcohol before their death. Trained investigators conducted psychological autopsies by reviewing police reports of suicide deaths. Whether the decedent who died by suicide had consumed alcohol before death was determined from 3 sources: (1) confirmation by informants, (2) autopsy reports indicating a positive blood alcohol concentration, and (3) observations from police officers. Demographic characteristics, premortem psychiatric symptoms, and suicide characteristics, including method of suicide and presumed reasons for suicide, were examined. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine the association between the contributing factors and AAU.

RESULTS: This study included 55 226 decedents who died by suicide (65.5% male), of whom 21 998 (39.8%) were under the influence of alcohol at the time of death. AAU was associated with being male (odds ratio [OR], 1.37 [95% CI, 1.31-1.44]); being middle aged (eg, from age 30 to 39 years: OR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.06-1.35]); and having alcohol use disorder symptoms (OR, 13.28 [95% CI, 12.38-14.24]). Among suicide methods, gas, drug, and pesticide poisoning showed a positive association with AAU, with gas poisoning showing the highest OR (OR, 1.88 [95% CI, 1.61-2.20]). An interaction was found between age and suicide method, with older adults (eg, aged 80 years or older) having higher odds of AAU when using methods such as drug (OR, 6.28 [95% CI, 3.53-11.17]), pesticide (OR, 6.56 [95% CI, 3.86-11.13]), and gas (OR, 2.48 [95% CI, 1.52-4.04]) poisoning.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that AAU was associated with gas poisoning, as indicated by the ORs. Given that charcoal burning involves substantial preparation time, alcohol may have been deliberately used to facilitate planned suicide attempts. Furthermore, the deaths of older adults who consumed alcohol prior to suicide, even when using less lethal methods, highlight the critical need for monitoring and effectively managing alcohol use within this population.

PMID:39992652 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.61409

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Feb 3;8(2):e2461495. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.61495.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Medical aid in dying (MAID) is legal in jurisdictions covering more than one-fifth of the US population and has been used by a largely White, educated population. The extent to which knowledge of MAID and preferences for personal use align with patterns of use is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate knowledge among US adults of the legal status of MAID as well as interest in using MAID.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional, self-report online survey study used a national Prime Panels-based sample of US adults recruited between July 16 and August 10, 2024. A total of 3227 respondents aged 18 years or older from all US states and Washington, DC, were included. Individuals from states with legal MAID, aged 60 years or older, and members of racial and ethnic minority groups were oversampled.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Knowledge of the legality of MAID in the US and in respondents’ state of residence as well as potential interest in future use of MAID. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were used to examine associations by demographic characteristics and place of residence.

RESULTS: Of 3227 respondents (mean [SD] age, 55.7 [17.4] years; 1839 women [57.0%]), 1654 (51.3%) did not know if MAID was legal the US, and 1638 (50.8%) did not know if MAID was legal in their state. Respondents in states where MAID is legal were more likely to know that MAID is legal in the US compared with those in states where MAID is not legal (728 of 2164 [33.6%] vs 216 of 1063 [20.3%]; P < .001). Across all respondents, 1420 (44.0%), including 96 of 222 Asian respondents (43.2%), 206 of 605 Black respondents (34.0%), and 129 of 308 Hispanic respondents (41.9%), reported they would definitely or probably consider MAID if they received a diagnosis of a terminal illness.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this online survey study of US adults, substantial interest in using MAID as well as significant knowledge gaps regarding the legality of MAID were reported. These findings highlight the need for public education, policy initiatives, and patient-clinician discussions to ensure equitable access to patient-centered end-of-life options and informed decision-making.

PMID:39992651 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.61495

JAMA Neurol. 2025 Feb 24. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.5406. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: A leading cause of surgically remediable, drug-resistant focal epilepsy is focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). FCD is challenging to visualize and often considered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) negative. Existing automated methods for FCD detection are limited by high numbers of false-positive predictions, hampering their clinical utility.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and interpretability of graph neural networks in automatically detecting FCD lesions on MRI scans.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this multicenter diagnostic study, retrospective MRI data were collated from 23 epilepsy centers worldwide between 2018 and 2022, as part of the Multicenter Epilepsy Lesion Detection (MELD) Project, and analyzed in 2023. Data from 20 centers were split equally into training and testing cohorts, with data from 3 centers withheld for site-independent testing. A graph neural network (MELD Graph) was trained to identify FCD on surface-based features. Network performance was compared with an existing algorithm. Feature analysis, saliencies, and confidence scores were used to interpret network predictions. In total, 34 surface-based MRI features and manual lesion masks were collated from participants, 703 patients with FCD-related epilepsy and 482 controls, and 57 participants were excluded during MRI quality control.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of automatically identified lesions.

RESULTS: In the test dataset, the MELD Graph had a sensitivity of 81.6% in histopathologically confirmed patients seizure-free 1 year after surgery and 63.7% in MRI-negative patients with FCD. The PPV of putative lesions from the 260 patients in the test dataset (125 female [48%] and 135 male [52%]; mean age, 18.0 [IQR, 11.0-29.0] years) was 67% (70% sensitivity; 60% specificity), compared with 39% (67% sensitivity; 54% specificity) using an existing baseline algorithm. In the independent test cohort (116 patients; 62 female [53%] and 54 male [47%]; mean age, 22.5 [IQR, 13.5-27.5] years), the PPV was 76% (72% sensitivity; 56% specificity), compared with 46% (77% sensitivity; 47% specificity) using the baseline algorithm. Interpretable reports characterize lesion location, size, confidence, and salient features.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, the MELD Graph represented a state-of-the-art, openly available, and interpretable tool for FCD detection on MRI scans with significant improvements in PPV. Its clinical implementation holds promise for early diagnosis and improved management of focal epilepsy, potentially leading to better patient outcomes.

PMID:39992650 | DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.5406

J Mater Chem B. 2025 Feb 24. doi: 10.1039/d4tb02835j. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Novel and promising biomaterials for bone tissue engineering have been investigated over the years. Aiming to contribute to this progress, this study developed and evaluated polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with 5% (w/w) 58S-bioactive glass (58S-BG) fabricated via melt electrowriting (MEW). Morphological and chemical characterization of the scaffolds was conducted. The biological potential was assessed in vitro with alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells through cytotoxicity, adhesion, protein production, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineral nodule formation assays. In vivo, scaffolds implanted in rats were analyzed for biocompatibility, inflammation, and degradation using H&E staining and immunohistochemical markers for angiogenesis and macrophage polarization. Statistical analysis was performed at a 5% significance level. Appropriate fiber alignment but a higher fiber diameter was found for PCL + BG5% compared to PCL scaffolds (p = 0.002). EDS spectra confirmed the presence of BG’s chemical components for BG-laden scaffolds, attesting to BG particle incorporation into the filaments. Raman spectroscopy evidenced the chemical nature of the BG powder, and FTIR spectra revealed -OH stretching for PCL + BG5%, evidencing its hydrophilic potential. None of the scaffolds were cytotoxic, and BG-laden formulation increased cell viability after 7 days (p = 0.0006), also showing greater cell adhesion/spreading over time compared to pristine PCL scaffolds. BG’s presence also increased the mineral matrix formation (p ≤ 0.0021) over 21 days and retained ALP activity after 14 days (p = 0.705) compared to PCL. In vivo, PCL scaffolds retained fiber alignment and preserved their volume throughout the evaluation, showing minimal structural alteration. In contrast, PCL + BG5% scaffolds showed more visible structural changes at 28 days. Despite this, the PCL + BG5% formulation remained biocompatible and significantly promoted angiogenesis compared to pristine PCL scaffolds. In sum, BG-laden scaffolds were successfully melt electrowritten, retaining the scaffolds’ porous architecture, showing appropriate properties, including cell viability, adhesion, mineralized nodule deposition, biocompatibility, and angiogenesis, indicating that these materials are a promising alternative for enhancing bone tissue regeneration.

PMID:39992649 | DOI:10.1039/d4tb02835j

JAMA Intern Med. 2025 Feb 24. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.8129. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:39992643 | DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.8129

JAMA Intern Med. 2025 Feb 24. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.8432. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: National estimates of mortality among physicians and other health care workers are lacking. It is also unknown if distinct patterns exist across sex, race, and ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: To compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates among physicians, health care workers, and non-health care workers by sex, race, and ethnicity.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Vital Statistics System, a population-based registry of US death certificates, was used to obtain data on deaths among adults aged 25 to 74 years from January 2020 to December 2022 by usual occupation. Data were analyzed from January 2024 to December 2024.

EXPOSURES: Usual occupation, sex, race, and ethnicity.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Overall and cause-specific mortality rates were calculated for each occupation, as well as sex, race, and ethnicity subgroups, and compared using mortality rate ratios. Mortality estimates were age-adjusted and sex-adjusted, and health care occupations were compared with non-health care occupations with similar income levels (categorized as low income, medium income, and high income based on US Census income terciles).

RESULTS: Most health care workers had lower age-adjusted and sex-adjusted annual mortality rates per 100 000 population than non-health care workers (eg, physicians [269.3], high-income non-health care workers [499.2], and non-health care workers overall [730.6]). While female individuals had lower mortality than male individuals in non-health care occupations overall (female to male ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.55-0.55) and high-income non-health care occupations specifically (0.60; 95% CI, 0.60-0.60), this advantage was absent for several health care occupations, including physicians (0.97; 95% CI, 0.93-1.01). In particular, female physicians experienced higher mortality than male physicians of neoplasms and chronic lower respiratory diseases, despite lower mortality of these causes among female individuals in high-income non-health care occupations. Black workers had higher mortality than White workers across all occupations, although the Black to White mortality ratio was largest for physicians (2.13; 95% CI, 1.99-2.29), with the largest differences due to neoplasms, heart disease, and COVID-19. Black female physicians had higher mortality rates than all other physician subgroups and White female individuals in non-health care occupations. While Hispanic workers had lower mortality than White workers in non-health care occupations overall (Hispanic to White ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.83-0.83) and high-income non-health care occupations specifically (0.90; 95% CI, 0.90-0.91), this pattern was reversed for several health care occupations, including physicians (1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that although physicians and most health care workers experienced lower mortality rates compared with the general population, this benefit did not fully extend to female individuals or racial and ethnic minority groups. Renewed efforts are needed to address health inequities within the health care workforce.

PMID:39992637 | DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.8432

Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2025 Feb 24. doi: 10.1007/s12602-025-10480-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Supplementation of probiotic strains can enhance the absorption of amino acids from protein in the gut. The purpose of this study was to assess if supplementation of a multi-strain probiotic or a postbiotic, consisting of the same strains, would alter the absorption of individual and total amino acids following ingestion of a plant-based meal. Sixteen male participants consumed either probiotic (PRO) or postbiotic (cells inactivated by γ-irradiation; POST), both consisting of L. paracasei LP-DG® (CNCM I-1572) plus L. paracasei LPC-S01 (DSM 26760), or a placebo (PLA) for 2 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design study separated by a 4-week washout period. During the testing session, blood samples were taken at baseline, 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180-min post-ingestion of a plant-based vegan burger patty. Plasma amino acid levels were analyzed, and percent changes from baseline were assessed using linear mixed-effects models, with the PLA condition as the reference group. There was statistically significant POST condition-by-time interactions for percent changes in alanine, asparagine, citrulline, cystine, glycine, methionine, proline, and total amino acids (p < 0.05, for all). Additionally, there was a statistically significant condition (PRO) by time interactions for cystine (p = 0.02). Two weeks of POST supplementation resulted in significant improvements in amino acid absorption profiles for various individual amino acids and total amino acids compared to PLA. This is the first study to report improved amino acid absorption from a mixed macronutrient meal following a period of postbiotic supplementation.

PMID:39992622 | DOI:10.1007/s12602-025-10480-y

Int J Health Econ Manag. 2025 Feb 24. doi: 10.1007/s10754-025-09392-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Baumol’s (Am Econ Rev 57: 415-426, 1967) model of ‘unbalanced growth’ yields a supply-side explanation for the ‘cost explosion’ in health care. Applying a testing strategy suggested by Hartwig (J Health Econ 27: 603-623, 2008), a sprawling literature affirms that the ‘Baumol effect’ has both a statistically and economically significant impact on health care expenditure growth. Skeptics maintain, however, that the proliferation of hi-tech medicine in acute care is clearly at odds with the assumption underlying Baumol’s model that productivity-enhancing machinery and equipment is only installed in the ‘progressive’ (i.e. manufacturing) sector of the economy. They argue that Baumol’s cost disease may affect long-term care, but not acute care. Our aim in this paper is to test whether Baumol’s cost disease affects long-term care and acute care differently. Our testing strategy consists in combining Extreme Bounds Analysis (EBA) with an outlier-robust MM estimator. Using panel data for 23 OECD countries, our results provide robust and statistically significant evidence that expenditures on both acute care and long-term care are driven by Baumol’s cost disease, even though the effect on long-term care expenditures is more pronounced.

PMID:39992610 | DOI:10.1007/s10754-025-09392-9

Gastric Cancer. 2025 Feb 24. doi: 10.1007/s10120-025-01598-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with various diseases, including gastric cancer. The ADAMTS14 gene is linked to multiple types of cancer. However, the relationship between ADAMTS14 and its genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to gastric cancer (GC) and prognosis remains unclear.

METHODS: A case-control study was conducted involving 855 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer (GC) and an equal number of cancer-free controls. Following rigorous statistical analysis, molecular experiments were performed to elucidate the functional significance of the SNPs in the context of GC.

RESULTS: ADAMTS14 rs3740440 (OR = 1.45, p = 0.014) shows a significant association with increased GC risk, while rs11572 (OR = 0.42, p < 0.001) is associated with protection against GC. Moreover, patients with the (CG + GG) genotype of rs3740440 exhibit a poor prognosis (HR = 1.68, p = 0.007). Mechanistically, luciferase reporter assays revealed that the G allele of rs3740440 disrupts the binding of hsa-miR-4294 and hsa-miR-3198 to the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of ADAMTS14, leading to increased expression of ADAMTS14 and the promotion of malignant behaviors in GC cells.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore the significant role of ADAMTS14 SNPs in both the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC), providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. Specifically, rs3740440 disrupts the interaction between ADAMTS14 and miRNA, resulting in increased expression of ADAMTS14. This heightened expression enhances its malignant biologic behaviors, indicating that rs3740440 could be a potential predictive marker for gastric cancer risk and prognosis.

PMID:39992602 | DOI:10.1007/s10120-025-01598-7

FASEB J. 2025 Feb 28;39(4):e70415. doi: 10.1096/fj.202402780R.

ABSTRACT

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease, and patients frequently experience extraintestinal manifestations affecting multiple sites. Causes of systemic inflammation remain poorly understood, but molecules originating from the intestine likely play a role, with microbial and host small molecules polarizing host immune cells towards a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. Using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) mouse model, which mimics the disrupted barrier function, microbial dysbiosis, and immune cell dysregulation of IBD, we investigated metabolomic and phenotypic changes at intestinal and systemic sites. Using spatial biology approaches, we mapped the distribution and relative abundance of molecules and cell types across a range of tissues, revealing significant changes in DSS-treated mice. Molecules identified as contributing to the statistical separation of treated from control mice were spatially localized within organs to determine their effects on cellular phenotypes through imaging mass cytometry. This spatial approach identified both intestinal and systemic molecular drivers of inflammation, including several not previously implicated in inflammation linked to IBD or the systemic effects of intestinal inflammation. Metabolic and inflammatory pathway interplay underpins systemic disease, and determining drivers at the molecular level may aid the development of new targeted therapies.

PMID:39989432 | DOI:10.1096/fj.202402780R